1 In spite of these methodological difficulties, *epidemiological studies of dietary fat and colon cancer should be **pursued because experiments in animals.

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Sunum transkripti:

1 In spite of these methodological difficulties, *epidemiological studies of dietary fat and colon cancer should be **pursued because experiments in animals and data relating to the effects of bile acids ***suggest that such a relation may exist. *epidemiology(n): the study of the way diseases spread, and how to control them: salgın hastalıkları ve tedavilerini inceleyen bilim: epidemiyoloji *epidemiology(n): the study of the way diseases spread, and how to control them: salgın hastalıkları ve tedavilerini inceleyen bilim: epidemiyolojisalgın hastalıkları ve tedavilerini inceleyen bilimsalgın hastalıkları ve tedavilerini inceleyen bilim **to continue doing an activity or trying to achieve something over a long period of time **to continue doing an activity or trying to achieve something over a long period of time ***indicate ***indicate bile acid: safra asidi bile acid: safra asidi

2 Bu metodolojik zorluklara rağmen, diyet yağı ve kolon kanseri konusundaki epidemiyolojik çalışmalar takip edilmelidir; çünkü hayvan denemeleri/deneyleri ve safra asitlerinin etkileri ile ilgili veriler böyle bir ilişkinin olabileceğini gösteriyor.

3 The central problem in interpreting these *correlational studies is that many factors other than dietary differences distinguish countries with a high **incidence of cancer from those with a low incidence. *correlation (n): a connection between two ideas, facts etc, especially when one may be the cause of the other *correlation (n): a connection between two ideas, facts etc, especially when one may be the cause of the other karşılaştırılmalı çalışma: correlational study karşılaştırılmalı çalışma: correlational study

4 ** incidence(n): [countable usually singular] formal the number of times something happens, especially crime, disease etc: belirli bir hastalığa ait yeni vakaların ortaya çıkış sıklığı belirli bir hastalığa ait yeni vakaların ortaya çıkış sıklığı belirli bir hastalığa ait yeni vakaların ortaya çıkış sıklığı high/low etc incidence high/low etc incidence incidence of incidence of -Smokers had the highest incidence of colds. Verbs with “incidence”: compare, increase, reduce, explain, report, show

5 Bu karşılaştırılmalı çalışmaların yorumlanmasındaki esas problem, diyetle ilgili farklılıkların dışında birçok faktörün, kanserin yüksek görülme sıklığı olan ülkeler ile düşük görülme sıklığı olanlar arasında ayırıcı özellik oluşturmasıdır.

6 It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in the first years largely determine his character and later personality, with every experience teaching the child something and the effects of being cumulative. Çocuğun ilk yıllardaki deneyimlerinin onun karakterini ve daha sonraki şahsiyetini önemli ölçüde belirlediği genellikle kabul edilir; her deneyim çocuğa bazı şeyler öğretir ve etkiler biriken özelliktedir.

7 Rich diet is of central importance in occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, since it leads to hypercholesterolemia or hyperbetalipoproteinemia and hypertension, two of the established major risk factors for *atherosclerotic diseases. *ateroskleroz

8 Zengin diyeti, kardiyovasküler hastalıkların oluşmasında temel öneme sahiptir. Çünkü bu diyet hiperkolesterolemi veya hiperbetalipoproteinemi ve hipertansiyona yol açar; bu faktörler ise aterosklerotik hastalıklar için kesinleşmiş önemli risk faktörlerinden ikisidir.

9 cardio- (prefix) medical: relating to the heart cardio- (prefix) medical: relating to the heart vascular(adj): medical relating to the tubes through which liquids flow in the bodies of animals or in plants :damarla ilgili vascular(adj): medical relating to the tubes through which liquids flow in the bodies of animals or in plants :damarla ilgili -vascular disease a cardiograph (=machine that measures movements of the heart): kardiyograf a cardiograph (=machine that measures movements of the heart): kardiyografkardiyograf cardiovascular (=the heart and the tubes through which blood flows in your body) cardiovascular (=the heart and the tubes through which blood flows in your body)

10 That the amount of blood *constituent excreted into the urine in any unit of time depends not only on the renal capacity but also on blood concentration of that constituent has been recognized for many decades. *one of the substances or things that combine to form something *one of the substances or things that combine to form something constituent of -Sodium is one of the constituents of salt. Herhangi bir kan bileşeninin herhangi bir birim zamanda idrarla atılan miktarının yalnızca renal kapasiteye değil fakat aynı zamanda o bileşenin kandaki konsantrasyonunda da bağlı olduğu onlarca yıldır bilinmektedir.

11 Although viruses have been found in a minority of human tumors, their study *yielded clues to possible mechanisms in other types of carcinogenesis. *1. (RESULT) *1. (RESULT) [transitive] to produce a result, answer, or piece of information -Our research has only recently begun to yield important results. İnsan tümörlerinin az bir kısmında virüsler bulunmuş olmasına rağmen, onların araştırılması diğer tip kanser oluşumlarındaki muhtemel mekanizmalar için ipuçları verdi.

12 Centuries ago, man discovered that removing moisture from food helps to preserve it and that the easier way to do this is to *exposure the food to sun and wind. *1. (TO DANGER) *1. (TO DANGER) [uncountable] when someone is in a situation where they are not protected from something dangerous or unpleasant exposure to -Prolonged exposure to the sun can cause skin cancer. Besinden suyun uzaklaştırılmasının onu korumaya yardımcı olacağını ve bunu yapmanın daha kolay yolunun besini güneş ve rüzgara maruz bırakmak olduğunu asırlar önce insanoğlu keşfetti.

13 İçinde zararlı hiçbir madde bulunmayan bir diyetin içinde vitaminler bulunmadığı taktirde yine de ciddi hastalıklara yol açabileceği anlaşılmıştır. It is understood that a diet which contains no harmful substance may yet result in severe diseases, if it does not contain vitamins.

14 Bakırın vücut için gerekli bir element olduğu yıllardır biliniyor. It is known for many years that the copper is a trace element necessary for the body.

15 Interest in the relation between fiber intake and colon cancer is the result of Dr. Burkitt’s observation of low rates of colon cancer in Africa where fiber consumption and stool bulk were high. Lifli besinlerin alımı ile kolon kanseri arasındaki ilişkiye ilgi, lifli gıda tüketimi ve dışkı miktarının yüksek olduğu Afrika’da kolon kanserinin düşük oranlarının Dr. Burkitt tarafından gözlemlenmesinin sonucudur.