© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.1 Computer Networks and Internets, 5e By Douglas E. Comer Lecture PowerPoints.

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© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.1 Computer Networks and Internets, 5e By Douglas E. Comer Lecture PowerPoints By Lami Kaya,

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.2 PART II Data Communication Basics Basics of media, encoding, transmission, modulation, multiplexing, connections, and remote access

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.3 Chapter 5 Overview of Data Communications (Veri haberleşmesine genel bakış)

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.4 Topics Covered 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Essence of Data Communications 5.3 Motivation and Scope of the Subject 5.4 The Conceptual Pieces of a Communication System 5.5 The Subtopics of Data Communications

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.5 İşlenecek Konular 5.1 Giriş 5.2 Veri haberleşmesinin esasları 5.3 Motivasyon ve konunun kapsamı 5.4 Haberleşme sisteminin kavramsal parçaları 5.5 Veri haberleşmesinin alt konuları

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved Introduction This chapter –provides an overview of data communications –explains how the conceptual pieces form a complete communication system Successive chapters –each explain one concept in detail

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved Giriş Bu bölümde –Veri haberleşmesine genel bir bakış atılacak –Bir haberleşme sisteminin kavramsal parçaları açıklanacak Sonrasında gelen bölümlerde –Her birinde bir içerik detaylı şekilde anlatılacak

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved The Essence of Data Communications What does data communications entail? As Figure 5.1 illustrates, the subject is a combination of ideas and approaches from three disciplines Involves the transmission of information over physical media The subject draws on ideas about electric current, light, and other forms of electromagnetic radiation Information is digitized and digital data is transmitted Data communications uses mathematics and includes various forms of analysis –Goal is to develop practical ways to design and build transmission systems

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved Veri Haberleşmesinin Esası Veri haberleşmesi neyi gerektirir? Şekil 5.1 de gösterildiği gibi, konu üç farlı disiplinin birleşimi sonucu oluşmuştur Bilginin fiziksel ortam üzerinden iletimini içerir Konu, elektrik akımı, ışık, ve diğer formlarda ki elektromanyetik radyasyon hakkında fikirleri içine alır. Bilgi dijitalleştirilir ve dijital veri iletilir Veri haberleşmesi matematik kullanır ve farklı pek çok analiz içerir –Amaç, pratik bir şekilde iletim sistemi tasarlamak ve oluşturmak

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved The Essence of Data Communications

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved Motivation and Scope of the Subject Three main ideas provide much of the motivation for data communications and help define the scope 1. The sources of information can be of arbitrary types 2. Transmission uses a physical system 3. Multiple sources of information can share the underlying medium The first point is relevant considering the popularity of multimedia applications: –information is not restricted to bits that have been stored in a computer –information can also be derived from the physical world, including audio and video –various sources and forms of information available and one form can be transformed into another

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved Motivasyon ve Konunun Kapsamı Üç ana fikir, veri haberleşmesi ve kapsamın belirlenmesi için motivasyon sağlar 1. kaynak bilgisi rastgele seçilmiş tipler olabilir 2. iletim fiziksel bir sistem kullanır 3. birden fazla bilgi kaynağı mevcut ortam tarafından paylaşılır İlk nokta mültimedya uygulamalarının popülaritesinin düşünülmesi ile alakalıdır: –Bilgiler bilgisayarda depolanan bitler ile sınırlı değildir –Bilgi video ve ses içeren fiziksel ortamdan çıkartılabilir –Pek çok kaynak ve formdaki bilgi uygundur ve bir form diğer bir forma dönüştürülebilir

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved Motivation and Scope of the Subject The second point suggests that we must use natural phenomena –such as electricity and electromagnetic radiation, to transmit information It is important to understand the following issues: –the types of media that are available –the properties of each media –how physical phenomena can be used to transmit information over each medium –the relationship between data communications and the underlying transmission –the limits of physical systems –the problems that can arise during transmission –techniques that can be used to detect or solve the problems

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved Motivasyon ve Konunun Kapsamı İkinci nokta doğal phenomena nın kullanlıması gerektiğini tavsiye eder –Bilginin iletilmesi için elektrik ve elektromanyetik radyasyon gibi Bu konuları anlamak önemlidir: –Uygun olama ortam (araç) tipleri –Her ortamın özellikleri –Fiziksel phenomena nın her ortam da bilgi iletimi için nasıl kullanıldığı –Veri haberleşmesi ve mevcut iletim arasındaki ilişki –Fiziksel sistemlerin sınırları –İletim sırasında oluşabilecek problemler –Problemleri tespit ve çözme de kullanılacak teknikler

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved Motivation and Scope of the Subject The third point suggests that sharing is fundamental Sharing plays a fundamental role in most computer networks –A network usually permits multiple pairs of communicating entities to communicate over a given physical medium –There are possible ways underlying facilities can be shared –We should understand advantages and disadvantages of each and the resulting modes of communication

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved Motivasyon ve Konunun Kapsamı Üçüncü nokta paylaşımın temel olduğunu söyler Paylaşım pek çok bilgisayar ağında en temel rolü üslenir –Bir ağ verilen bir fiziksel ortam üzerinden haberleşirken, genellikle birden fazla elemanın haberleşmesine izin verir –Mevcut araç gerecin paylaşımı için mümkün pek çok yol vardır –Biz her haberleşme modunun avantaj ve dezavantajlarını anlamaşıyız

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved The Conceptual Pieces of a Communication System Imagine a communication system that has multiple sources of information and allows each source to send to a separate destination How does such a system work? –Each source needs a mechanism to gather the information – prepare the information for transmission –and transmit the information across the shared physical medium –Similarly, a mechanism is needed that extracts the information for the destination and delivers the information Figure 5.2 illustrates the simplistic view

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved Haberleşme sisteminin kavramsal parçaları Birden fazla bilgi kaynağı içeren ve ayrı hedeflere gönderilecek her kaynağa izin veren bir haberleşme sistemi düşünün Bu sistem nasıl çalışır? –Her kaynak için bilgiyi toplayan bir mekanizmaya ihtiyaç vardır –Bilgiyi göndermek üzere hazırlayan –Ve bilgiyi paylaşılan bir ortam üzerinden ileten –Benzer şekilde, hedefte bilgiyi alan ve açan bir mekanizmaya da ihtiyaç duyulur Figür 5.2 bu bakışın basit bir şemasını gözterir

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.19

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved The Conceptual Pieces of a Communication System Data communications is much more complex than the simplistic diagram in Figure 5.2 suggests, such as –Information can arrive from many types of sources the techniques used to handle multiple sources vary –Before it can be sent, information must be digitized –Extra data must be added to protect against channel errors –If privacy is a concern, the information may need to be encrypted –To send multiple streams of information across a shared media the information from each source must be identified and data from all the sources must be intermixed for transmission

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved Haberleşme sisteminin kavramsal parçaları Veri haberleşmesi figür 5.2 de gösterilen basit yapıya göre daha karmaşıktır –Bilgi pek çok kaynak tipinden ulaşabilir Kaynaklardan yakalama teknikleri değişiklik arzedebilir –Gönderilmeden önce, veri dijitalleştirilmelidir –Kanal hatalarını karşı ekstra veri eklenir –Gizlilik mevzu bahis ise, bilgi şifrelenmelidir –Paylaşılan ortamdan birden fazla bilgi öbeği göndermek için Her kaynaktan bilgi teşhis edilmelidir Ve bütün kaynaklardan veri iletim için birbirleri ile karıştırılmalıdır

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.22

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.23 Figure 5.3 A conceptual framework for a data communications system. Multiple sources send to multiple destinations through an underlying physical channel

Figure 5.3 Processing at the transmitter/sender end

Figure 5.3 Processing at the receiver end

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved The Subtopics of Data Communications Each of the boxes in Figure 5.3 corresponds to one subtopic of data communications. Let us look closer: Information Sources –The source of information can be either analog or digital –Important concepts include characteristics of signals, such as amplitude, frequency, and phase, and classification as either periodic or aperiodic –The subtopic focuses on the conversion between analog and digital representations of information Source Encoder and Decoder –Once information has been digitized, digital representations can be transformed and converted –Concepts include data compression and consequences for communications

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved Veri haberleşmesinin alt başlıkları Figür 5.3 deki her kutu veri haberleşmesinde bir alt başlığı belirtir. Yakından bakmak gerekirse: Bilgi kaynakları –Bilgi kaynağı analog veya digital olabilir –Önemli kavramlar, sinyalin karakteristiği, örnek olarak; genlik, frekans, ve faz ve periyodik (devirsel) veya aperiodik (devirsel olmayan) –Alt başlık bilginin analog ve dijital ifade edilmesi arasındaki dönüşüme odaklanır Kaynak Kodlayıcı ve Dekodlayıcı –Once information has been digitized, digital representations can be transformed and converted –Kavramlar veri sıkıştırılması ve haberleşmenin sonuçlarını içerir

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved The Subtopics of Data Communications Encryptor and Decryptor –To protect information and keep it private, the information can be encrypted (i.e., scrambled) before transmission and decrypted upon reception –Concepts include cryptographic techniques and algorithms Channel Encoder and Decoder –Channel coding is used to detect and correct transmission errors –Topics include methods to detect and limit errors –Practical techniques like parity checking, checksums, and cyclic redundancy codes that are employed in computer networks Multiplexor and Demultiplexor – Multiplexing refers to the way information from multiple sources is combined for transmission across a shared medium –Concepts include techniques for simultaneous sharing as well as techniques that allow sources to take turns when using the medium

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved Veri haberleşmesinin alt başlıkları Encryptor and Decryptor –Bilginin gizli tutulması ve korunması, bilgi gönderilmeden önce şifrelenir ve alındıktan sonra çözülebilir –Kavramlar kriptografik teknikleri ve algoritmaları içerir Channel Encoder and Decoder –Kanal kodlama iletim hatalarını tespiti ve düzeltilmesi içöin kullanılır –Başlık tespit ve hataların sınırlandırılmasını içerir –Parity(eşitlik) kontrolü, checksumlar ve cyclic redundancy kodlar gibi pratik tekniklerdir Multiplexor and Demultiplexor –Çoklayıcı birden fazla kaynaktan gelen bilginin paylaşılan ortam üzerinden iletimi için birleştirilme şeklini ifade eder –Concepts include techniques for simultaneous sharing as well as techniques that allow sources to take turns when using the medium

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved The Subtopics of Data Communications Modulator and Demodulator – Modulation refers to the way electromagnetic radiation is used to send information –Concepts include both analog and digital modulation schemes –Devices known as modems that perform the modulation and demodulation Physical Channel and Transmission –transmission media –transmission modes, such as serial and parallel –channel bandwidth –electrical noise and interference –channel capacity

© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved Veri haberleşmesinin alt başlıkları Modulator and Demodulator – modülatör elektro manyetik radyasyonun bilgiyi göndermede kullanılma yolunu ifade eder –Analog ve dijital modülasyon şemalarını da içine alan kavramlardır –Modem olarak bilinen araçlar modülasyon ve demodülasayon işlemini gerçekleştirir Fiziksel kanal ve iletim –İletim ortamı –İletim modları örneğin seri ve paralel –Kanal bant genişliği –Elektrik gürültüsü ve karışma –Kanal kapasitesi