Simple and Complex Sentences From the structural point of view, sentences are either simple (i.e. contain only a main clause, as in (1)) or complex (i.e. contain a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses, as in (2)): (1) Dün okullar açıldı. ‘The schools opened yesterday.’ (2) Dün [yolda giderken] [yıllardır görmediğim] bir arkadaşıma rastladım. ‘Yesterday, [as I was walking along the street], I ran into a friend [whom I hadn’t seen for years].’

CONSTITUENTS OF A SENTENCE: SUBJECT AND PREDICATE The predicate expresses an event, a process or a state in which the subject is involved: (3) Necla bir hafta içinde projeyi bitirecek. ‘Necla will complete the project within a week.’ (4) Bu çocuk hasta. ‘This child is ill.’

According to the type of predicate they have, sentences in Turkish are divided into two main groups, verbal sentences and nominal sentences. Verbal Sentences (5) Bu gün evde kal-a-ma-m. ‘I can’t stay at home today.’ Nominal Sentences These are sentences whose predicate either does not contain an overt verb at all or whose verb is one of the forms of the copula (ol- ‘be’, ‘become’, ‘exist’ or -(y)- ‘be’) (6) Necla öğretmen. ‘Necla is a teacher.’

EXPRESSION OF THE SUBJECT In Turkish the subject is not always overtly expressed within the sentence. If the subject is expressed, this is always by some kind of noun phrase. (42) Ben o adamı sevmiyorum. ‘I don’t like that man.’ (43) Her yıl bu kentte iki bin beş yüz yeni bina yapılıyor. ‘Every year two thousand five hundred new buildings are constructed in this town.’

COMPLEX SENTENCES AND SUBORDINATION Complex sentences contain at least one subordinate clause in addition to a main clause. 90) [Maç birazdan başla-yacak] de-n-iyor. ‘It is said [that the match will be starting soon].’ (91) [Çocuğun babası kim] bilinmiyor. ‘It’s not known [who the father of the child is].’ (lit. ‘[Who is the father of the child] is not known.’)

Subordinate clauses have three different functions: (i) noun clauses function as subjects or objects (ii) relative clauses function as adjectival phrases (iii) adverbial clauses function as adverbials

96) Füsun bu kitap-lar-ı [öğretmenlik yap-ar-ken] kullan-mış-tı. ‘Füsun used these books [when she was working as a teacher].’ (97) [Füsun-un bu kitap-lar-ı kullan-dığ-ın]-ı duy-an kişiler ‘the people who heard [that Füsun was using these books]’ (98) Füsun’un [kullan-ıl-mı-yor diye] kitap-lar-ı sat-ma-sı ‘Füsun’s selling the books [on the grounds that they were not being used]’

FUNCTIONAL SENTENCE TYPES Sentences can be classified functionally, that is according to the type of utterance that they express. The four major types of utterance are statements, questions, volitional utterances and exclamations.

Statements: (99) Köyde Bayram’m ailesi zengin sayılıyormuş. ‘In the village Bayram’s family is apparently considered rich.’ (100) Bayram’ın ailesinin diğer köylülerden daha çok toprağı var. ‘Bayram’s family has more land than the other villagers.’

Questions: What marks a sentence as a question is the presence either of the interrogative mI or of a wh-phrase such as ne zaman ‘when’ or kaç ‘how many’. Volitional utterances: (Commands, Suggestions and Wishes) 101) Saat ikiden sonra beni telefonla ara. (Imperative) ‘Ring me after two o’clock.’ (102) Bu akşam dışarda yiyelim. (Optative) ‘Let’s eat out this evening.’ (103) Çabuk bitirseler bari. (Conditional with optative meaning) ‘I hope at least they finish quickly.’

Exclamations Exclamations often contain a wh-phrase, such as: ne ‘what’, ne kadar ‘how (much)’, nasıl ‘how’, or ne biçim ‘what kind (of)’. Exclamations of this kind have the intonation pattern of statements, and are thus distinguishable from questions. (104) Burası ne güzel bir yer! ‘What a beautiful place this is!’ (105) Ay nasıl güldük! ‘Oh, how we laughed!’

Exclamations can also be expressed with o kadar/öyle(sine)…ki ‘so’ or pek (de): (106) Su o kadar soğuktu ki! ‘The water was so cold!’ (107) Çocuğu öylesine seviyor ki… ‘S/he loves the child so much…’ (108) Pek de tatlı bir oğlunuz varmış! ‘What a sweet son you have!’

Çeviriler

Artık, yatırım yaparken çevresel etkenleri göz ardı etmek mümkün değildir. Çeşitlilik günümüzde en sık kullanılan kelimelerden biri olmuştur, ama hemen hemen hiç tanımlanmamıştır. Böylesine bir durumda bir Roma heykeliyle hayatımda hiç karşılaşmamıştım. Kasa üzerinde onun parmak izlerini bulamadığımız sürece, onun masum olduğunu kabul etmek zorundayız.

It is no longer possible to ignore environmental factors when making investments. Diversity has become one of the most often used words of our time, but it has almost never been defined. Never in my life have I come across a Roman statue in such a good condition. As long as we can’t find his fingerprints on the safe, we have to accept that he is innocent

1980′ lere kadar hiç kimse petrol üretiminin ve taşınmasının çevresel sonuçlarını etkili bir şekilde kontrol etme gücüne sahip değildi. Coğrafi koşullar, topluluklar arasındaki kültürel etkileşim üzerinde çoğu zaman etki sahibidir. On sekizinci yüzyıldan beri iktisatçılar, yeryüzünde durmadan artan insan sayısının sonuçta tüm kaynakları tüketeceği uyarısında bulunmuşlardır. Biyologların DNA’nın molekül yapısını ortaya koymalarından kırk yıldan az bir zaman sonra genetik bilimi tıp biliminin sınırlarını yeniden çizmektedir.

Until the 1980s no one had the power to control effectively the ecological consequences of petroleum production and transport. Geographical conditions frequently have an impact on cultural interactions among communities. Since the eighteenth century, economists have warned that the ever increasing number of people on earth would eventually exhaust all sources. Less than forty years after biologists unraveled the molecular structure of DNA, genetics is redefining the boundaries of medical science.