Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 1 Medical Instrumentation Application and Design, 4th Edition John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Feb 2009, Pages:

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1 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 1 Medical Instrumentation Application and Design, 4th Edition John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Feb 2009, Pages: 713 Basic Concepts of Medical Instrumentation Basic Sensors and Principles Amplifiers and Signal Processing The Origin of Biopotentials Biopotential Electrodes Biopotential Amplifiers Blood Pressure and Sound Measurement of Flow and Volume of Blood Measurements of the Respiratory System Chemical Biosensors Clinical Laboratory Instrumentation Medical Imaging Systems Therapeutic and Prosthetic Devices Electrical Safety http://www.unc.edu/~finley/BME422/Webster/FM.pdf ftp://muhogr:muh948@ftp.iticu.edu.tr/

2 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 2 KL-720 - Biyomedikal Ölçüm Sistemi

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13 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 13 Log scale 100A

14 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 14 Ödevler: Bioelektrik empedans tanımı, ölçmeleri, dijital terazide vücudun yağ, su değerlerinin belirlenmesi 1.Thermocouples http://www.omega.com http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/12334 http://www.omega.com http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/12334 2.Thermistor 3.Resistance Temperature Detector 4.Infrared Thermometers 5.Pressure Transducers 6.Load Cells 7.Strain Gage http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/3642 8.Flowmeters 9.pH Measurement 10.Level Measurement 28 Ekim 2011 4 Kasım 2011

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20 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 20 G H xy

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27 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 27 http://www.skillstat.com/ECG_Sim_demo.html

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33 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon  cardiac cycle Systole Diastole pressure volume flow 33

34 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 34 http://hyperphysics.phy- astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/ecg. html#c2 http://hyperphysics.phy- astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/hear telec.html#c1

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37 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 37 Elektrik akımı ve geriliminin insan için zararlı, öldürücü olma değerlerini, frekans özelliklerini de göz önüne alarak anlatın.(%20) Duyarlık elemanlarımızın cevaplarının zaman göre çıkışlarının: (giriş çıkış arasındaki gecikme var/yok, gecikmenin türü) zero-order (%5) firs-order (%5) second-order (%5) olma özelliklerini anlatın. EKG işaretlerinin algılanmasını, elde edilen işaretin genlik ve frekans özelliklerini, şeklini ve anlamlarını anlatın. (%20) Kan basıncını (mekanik-analog) ölçme yöntemini (ölçülen değerlerin anlamlarını belirterek) anlatın. (%15) Bioelektrik empedans tanımı, ölçmeleri, dijital terazide vücudun yağ, su değerlerinin belirlenmesi anlatın. (%20) Sadece üst tarafından erişilebilen 10 m derinlikte bir havuzunun içindeki suyun seviyesiini en güvenli şekilde ölçmek, ve display etmek için gerekli farklı iki sistemi tasarlayı, çizin, anlatın. Öneri- 1(%5), Öneri-2(%5),

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41 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 41 Miniature Wireless Pulse Oximeter http://www.judylab.org/doku.php?id=r esearch:wireless_biosignal_telemetry http://contecmedical.en.made-in- china.com/offer/abHEQvnYztpJ/Sell- CMS-P-PC-Based-Pulse-Oximeter- with-Free-SW.html CMS-P PC Based Pulse Oximeter

42 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 42 http://www.ti.com/lit/an/slaa274b/slaa274b.pdf

43 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 43 The probe contains two high intensity, monochromatic, light- emitting diodes, one emitting red light (660 nm) and the second infrared (940 nm) on one side and a photodetector on the other to measure the amount of light transmitted through the finger. Pulse oximetry

44 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 44 http://www.embed4u.com/8051- based-heart-rate-meter/

45 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 45 http://www.8085projects.info/post/Fast-heart-rate-meter-using-CD4518- CD4046-CD4511.aspx

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56 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 56 http://nutrition.uvm.edu/bodycomp/uw w/lung-vol.html

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60 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 60 Ödevler: Bioelektrik empedans tanımı, ölçmeleri, dijital terazide vücudun yağ, su değerlerinin belirlenmesi 1.Thermocouples http://www.omega.com http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/12334 http://www.omega.com http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/12334 2.Thermistor 3.Resistance Temperature Detector 4.Infrared Thermometers 5.Pressure Transducers 6.Load Cells 7.Strain Gage http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/3642 8.Flowmeters 9.pH Measurement 10.Level Measurement

61 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 61 ANALOG FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS

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63 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 63 This audio frequency meter uses 555 IC as a monostable multivibrator (one-shoot trigger). A monostable multivibrator can act as a frequency-to-voltage converter because it produce a fixed pulse width, with the repetition rate/density is proportional to the triggering input frequency. Here is the circuit’s schematic diagram: For resistor R1, because it set the measurement range, it’s better to use a rotary switch to select different values for different ranges. For the ampere meter, you can use both analog or digital ampere meter. A cheap dual-slope ADC digital meter is suitable because its averaging characteristic, but a fast digital multimeter can also be used although it may show some uncertainty because of their fast sampling.

64 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 64 http://www.electronicecircuits.com/electronic-circuits/analog-frequency-meter-circuit/ This 1-kHz linear-scale analog frequency meter circuit uses the 555 as a pulse counter

65 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 65 http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/electrical/articles/66194.aspx

66 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 66 DEFIBRILLATORS

67 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 67 For this example, the discharge is underdamped (biphasic, also referred to as a Gurvich waveform) when the patient resistance is less than about 56Ω because Rpatient+Rinductor=56Ω+10Ω=66Ω<Rcritical=67Ω In this case, the waveform is underdamped and produces a biphasic (oscillating) waveform. If the patient impedance is higher than 67Ω, the waveform is overdamped (monophasic, also referred to as an Edmark waveform). In this case the inductor slows the rate of rise of the discharge current, reduces the maximum voltage applied to the patient, and shapes the waveform to produce a damped sinusoidal waveform. The current delivered to the patient gradually rises to a rounded peak and drops back to zero. The discharge current pulse duration is about 2.5L1/C1, about 2.5 to 3.5ms for most defibrillators. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION

68 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 68 Figure 8.32 Schematic diagram of a damped sinusoidal waveform defibrillator capable of delivering energies of up to 320 J into a 50-Ω patient load through a 5-ms Edmark (monophasic) waveform. Charge pushbutton SW2 energizes high-voltage transformer T1. C1 is charged through the high-voltage rectifier network D1–D4 and R1. Meter M1 is calibrated to yield an estimate of energy (in joules) delivered to the patient, assuming a load impedance of 50Ω. Defibrillation energy is delivered to the patient by simultaneously pressing on pushbuttons SW3 and SW4, which energize relay K1, which is used to transfer the defibrillation charge from capacitor C1 to the patient via pulse shaping inductor L1. R4 and R5 discharge C1 if the defibrillation buttons are depressed without a suitable load across the paddle electrodes or the

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70 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 70 Energy limits A.C. defibrillator 0.25 sec × 230 volts × (I Amps) = 450 watts-sec. Required required I = 7.5Amps. But preferable 0.01 sec. Pulses. Then I = 450/(230 × 0.01) = 175 A. This is too much to be supplied by household mains.

71 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 71 DC Defibrillation (Fig. 12.10b) 1. Safety housings for electrodes–capacitor discharges only when the electrodes are making firm contact with the heart or chest wall. 2. Two set of electrodes - not interchangeable sockets 1. Internal 50–72 J (5–3 kV) 3. Meter indicates Joules 1. External 400J (7 kV). 4. Charging time constant of 4 seconds 1. 0.25 M Ω × 16 μF 2. (charging resistor) Takes about 16 secs. to charge to 4 kV.

72 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 72 CAPACITIVE-DISCHARGE DC DEFIBRILLATORS A short high-amplitude defibrillation pulse can be obtained by using the capacitive-discharge circuit shown in Figure 13.10. In this case, a half- wave rectifier driven by a step-up transformer is used to charge the capacitor C. A good rule of thumb is to keep charging time under 10 s. MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION Application and Design FOURTH EDITION John G. Webster, Editor

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74 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 74 When external electrodes are used, energies as high as 400 J may be required. The energy stored in the capacitor is given by the well- known equation

75 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 75 http://www.intersil.com/applications/printdoc/AutomatedExternalDefibrillator.asp

76 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 76 http://www.nihonkohden.com/produc ts/type/emergency/tec7700.html Fast charging — less than 3 seconds to 150J and less than 5 seconds to 270J

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79 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 79 Principles of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis http://nutrition.uvm.edu/bodycomp/bia/bia-toc.html

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81 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 81 A method which involves the measurement of bioelectrical resistive impedance (R) for the estimation of human body composition is described. This method is based upon the principle that the electrical conductivity of the fat-free tissue mass (FFM) is far greater than that of fat. Using an electrical impedance plethysmograph with a four electrode arrangement that introduces a painless signal (800  A at 50 kHz) into the body. FFM was assessed by hydrodensitometry and ranged from 44.6-98. 1 kg. Total body water (TBW) determined by D2O dilution and total body potassium (TBK) from whole body counting were 50.6 ± 10.3 L and 167.5 ± 38.1 g, respectively.. http://www.ajcn.org/content/41/4/810.full.pdf

82 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 82 http://www.ajcn.org/con tent/41/4/810.full.pdf

83 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 83 http://curezone.com/upload/pdf/Complex_Bioelectric _Imped.pdf

84 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 84 Tepe idrar akım hızı erkeklerde 20 ml/sn, kadınlarda ise 25 ml/sn üstünde normal oalrak kabul edilir Uroflowmetry The SEDIA F1 Flowmeter provides you with a convenient, cost effective and easy to use solution for portable uroflowmetry. Communication between the flow meter and your computer is via Bluetooth connection. The SEDIA software is easily installed on your Windows PC, allowing you to print reports from your own printer. http://www.digitimer.com/urodynamics/ urodynamics.htm wireless

85 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 85 http://www.icenta.co.uk/Product/Mini-Flow-Sensor-Signet-2507 http://www.nidhimeditech.com /flow814-graph-zoom.html

86 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 86 Turbine Flowmeters for Liquid Measurement http://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering- tutorials/flowmetering/types-of-steam-flowmeter.asp

87 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 87 Peak-Flow Metre (Nefes ölçüm testi)

88 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 88 Peak-Flow Metre (Nefes ölçüm testi)

89 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 89 Breath Alcohol Tester http://www.madehow.com/Volume-7/Breath-Alcohol-Tester.html http://www.tradeage.com/sale/digital-breath-alcohol-tester-with- flashlight-keychain-ce277777

90 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 90 Alcohol Tester Sensor MQ303A is semiconductor sensor is for Alcohol detection, Model No.MQ303A Sensor TypeSemiconductor Standard EncapsulationMetal Detection GasAlcohol Concentration20-1000ppm Alcohol Standard Circuit Conditions Heater VoltageV H0.9V ± 0.1V AC or DC Loop VoltageVc≤6V DC Load ResistanceR LAdjustable Heater Resistance R H4.5W ± 0.5 W(Room Tem.) Heater CurrentIH120±20mA Heater PowerPH≤ 140 mW Character Sensor Consumption PS≤10 mW Sensing Resistance Rs4KΩ-400KΩ(in air) SensitivitySRs(in air)/Rs(125ppm Alcohol)≥3 Slopeα0.50 ± 0.15(R300ppm/R100ppm Alcohol) Condition Tem. Humidity20°C±2°C;65%±5%RH Standard test circuit Vc:3.0 V±0.1 V DC; VH: 0.9 V±0.1 V DC Preheat timeOver 48 hours http://www.elektrovadi.com/dosya/datas heets/ITEAD/MQ303A.pdf

91 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 91 Digital Blood Pressure Meter http://www.freescale.com/files/senso rs/doc/app_note/AN1571.pdf

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98 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon 98/29 TERİM BİRİMİ DÖNÜŞÜM ESKİYENİ AKTİVİTE Curie ( Ci ) ; 3.7x10 10 parçalanma / 1 saniye Becquerel ( Bq ); 1 parçalanma/1 saniye 1Ci=3.7x10 10 Bq 1 Ci=37GBq IŞINLANMA DOZU Röntgen (R) ; normal hava şartlarında (0 0 C ve 760 mm Hg basıncı) havanın 1kg’ında 2.58x10 -4 Coulomb’luk elektrik yükü değerinde (+) ve (-) iyonlar oluşturan X veya  radyasyonu miktarıdır. Coulomb / kilogram ( C/kg ) ; normal hava şartlarında havanın 1 kg’ında 1 Coulomb’luk elektrik yükü değerinde (+) ve (-) iyonlar oluşturan X veya  radyasyonu miktarıdır. 1C/kg=3876 R1R=2.58x10 -4 C/kg SOĞURULMUŞ DOZ radiation oz (rad); ışınlanan maddenin 1 kg’ında 10 -2 Joule’lük enerji soğurulması meydana getiren herhangi bir radyasyon miktarıdır. Gray ( Gy ) ; ışınlanan maddenin 1 kg’ında 1 Joule’lük enerji soğurulması meydana getiren herhangi bir radyasyon miktarıdır. 1Gy=100rad 1rad=0.01 Gy DOZ EŞDEĞERİ röntgen equivalent man (); 1 Röntgenlik X veya  ışını ile aynı biyolojik etkiyi oluşturan herhangi bir radyasyon miktarıdır. rem=(rad)x(W R )* Sievert ( Sv ) ; 1 Gy’lik X ve  ışını ile aynı biyolojik etkiyi meydana getiren herhangi bir radyasyon miktarıdır. Sv= (Gy)x(W R )* 1Sv=100 rem 1rem=0.01Sv

99 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Nuclear Instrumentation Normal background radiation varies from place to place but delivers a dose equivalent in the vicinity of 2.4 mSv/year, or about 0.3 µSv/h.background radiationdose equivalentmSv The international limit for radiation exposure for nuclear workers is 20 mSv per year, averaged over five years, with a limit of 50 mSv in any one year, however for workers performing emergency services EPA guidance on dose limits is 100 mSv when "protecting valuable property" and 250 mSv when the activity is "life saving or protection of large populations. A 250 mSv dose is estimated to increase one's lifetime risk of developing fatal cancer from about 20% to about 21%, and chronic exposure of 100 mSv per year is the "lowest level at which any increase in cancer is clearly evident," according to the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Symptoms of radiation poisoning typically emerge with a 1000 mSv total dose over a day.EPAInternational Commission on Radiological Protectionradiation poisoning

100 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon Bazı radyolojik tetkikler sonucu, ülke seviyelerine ve yapılan tetkiklere göre, hastaların maruz kaldığı etkin dozlar. TETKİKLERHER BİR TETKİKTE MARUZ KALINAN ETKİN DOZ (mSv) Seviye 1*Seviye 2**Seviye 3-4***Dünya Göğüs Radyografisi0.14 0.200.14 Göğüs Fotofloroskopisi0.65 Göğüs Floroskopisi1.1 Kol,bacak ve eklemler0.06 0.10.06 OmurgaBel1.8 2 Göğüs1.4 1.51.4 Boyun0.27 0.30.27 Kalça ve Kalça eklemi0.83 1 Kafa0.1 0.150.1 Karın0.50.610.55 Üst sindirim sistemi3.6443.7 Alt sindirim sistemi6.4 Safra kesesi grafisi2222 Üriner sistem grafisi3.73.943.7 Mamografi0.5 Bilgisayarlı Tomografi8.8558.6 Anjiyografi12 Cerrahi işlemler20 Diş0.020.1 0.03

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102 Prof.Dr.Sezgin ALSAN Biyomedikal Enstrümantasyon Computed tomography (CT) scanning, also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanning, is a medical imaging procedure that uses x-rays to show cross-sectional images of the body. A CT imaging system produces cross-sectional images or "slices" of areas of the body, like the slices in a loaf of bread. These cross-sectional images are used for a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. How a CT system works: 1.A motorized table moves the patient through a circular opening in the CT imaging system. 2.A motorized table moves the patient through a circular opening in the CT imaging system. 3.While the patient is inside the opening of the CT imaging system, an x-ray source and detector within the housing rotate around the patient. A single rotation takes about 1 second. The x-ray source produces a narrow, fan-shaped beam of x-rays that passes through a section of the patient's body. 4.A detector opposite from the x-ray source records the x- rays passing through the patient's body as a "snapshot" image. Many different "snapshots" (at many angles through the patient) are collected during one complete rotation. 5.For each rotation of the x-ray source and detector, the image data are sent to a computer to reconstruct all of the individual "snapshots" into one or multiple cross-sectional images (slices) of the internal organs and tissues.

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