Turkish phonetics Ebru Arısoy Levent Arslan Mine Nakipoglu Demiralp Hazım Kemal Ekenel Meltem Kelepir Hasan Mesut Meral A. Sumru Özsoy Ömer Şayli Oytun Türk Beste Can Yolcu With special thanks to M.A.Kılıç for MR images of vowels.

Speech sounds: Vowels (Least obstruction to air stream) Consonants: voiced voiceless voiced voiceless

Vowels: Parameters: Parameters: –Position of the tongue –Height of the tongue –Lip rounding –Length –Duration

Position of the tongue: Front vowels: /i/,/ü/,/e/,/ö/  /i/ Front vowels: /i/,/ü/,/e/,/ö/  /i/ Back vowels: /ı/,/u/,/a/,/o/  /ı/ Back vowels: /ı/,/u/,/a/,/o/  /ı/

Height of the tongue: High vowels: /i/,/ü/,/ı/,/u/  /i/ High vowels: /i/,/ü/,/ı/,/u/  /i/ Mid vowels: /e/,/ö/,/o/  /o/ Mid vowels: /e/,/ö/,/o/  /o/ Low vowel: /a/  /a/ Low vowel: /a/  /a/

Lip rounding: Unrounded vowels: /i/,/ı/,/e/,/a/  /e/ Unrounded vowels: /i/,/ı/,/e/,/a/  /e/ Rounded vowels: /ü/,/u/,/ö/,/o/  /ö/ Rounded vowels: /ü/,/u/,/ö/,/o/  /ö/

Vowels: (MRI images) (MR images supplied by M.A. KILIÇ)

Length: Short vowels: /ı/,/u/,/a/,/o/, /i/,/ü/,/e/,/ö/ Short vowels: /ı/,/u/,/a/,/o/, /i/,/ü/,/e/,/ö/ –arı, olan, ine Long vowels: /ı/,/u/,/a/,/o/, /i/,/ü/,/e/,/ö/ Long vowels: /ı/,/u/,/a/,/o/, /i/,/ü/,/e/,/ö/ –ağrı, oğlan, iğne

Durational statistics: Short duration vowels: Short duration vowels: –/i/,/ü/,/ı/,/u/ Long duration vowels: Long duration vowels: –/a/,/e/,/o/,/ö/

Consonants: Consonant Chart of Turkish _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ labio alveo- labio alveo- bilabial dental dental alveolar palatal palatal velar glottal bilabial dental dental alveolar palatal palatal velar glottal_________________________________________________________________________________________________________ voiceless p t c k voiceless p t c kstops voiced b d  g voiced b d  g_________________________________________________________________________________________________________ voiceless f s š h voiceless f s š hfricatives voiced v z ž voiced v z ž_________________________________________________________________________________________________________ voiceless č voiceless čaffricates voiced jˇ ˇ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ voiced jˇ ˇ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ nasal m n _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ lateral l ł lateral l ł liquids retroflex r retroflex r_________________________________________________________________________________________________________ glide j _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Consonants: Allophones of Turkish Consonantal Phonemes _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ labioalveo- labioalveo- bilabial dental dental alveolar palatal palatal velar glottal bilabial dental dental alveolar palatal palatal velar glottal_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ p h pil t h top c h kâr-kir k h kar p h pil t h top c h kâr-kir k h kar voiceless p toprak t atkı c ekmek k aktar voiceless p toprak t atkı c ekmek k aktar stops voiced b bol d dal  rüzgar-gel g gaga voiced b bol d dal  rüzgar-gel g gaga_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ voiceless ф ufuk f fils sis š şan ç his x sabah h hayır voiceless ф ufuk f fils sis š şan ç his x sabah h hayır fricatives voiced β bavul v verz siz ž jale voiced β bavul v verz siz ž jale _____________________ duvar _____________________________________________________________________________________________ voiceless č çan voiceless č çan affricates voiced jˇ can voiced jˇ can_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ nasal m masa  şamfıstığ ı n nine  yenge  banka _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ lateral l lale-il ł kal lateral l lale-il ł kal liquids retroflex r  r̻ retroflex r  r̻ ___________________________________________________ rol ara bir ___________________________________________________________ glide j sayı _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Consonants: Parameters: Parameters: Place of articulation Place of articulation Manner of articulation Manner of articulation State of glottis State of glottis

Place of articulation: Bilabials: /p/,/b/,/m/ Bilabials: /p/,/b/,/m/ Labiodentals: /f/,/v/ Labiodentals: /f/,/v/ Denti-alveolars: /t/,/d/,/l/ Denti-alveolars: /t/,/d/,/l/ Alveolars: /s/,/z/,/n/,/r/ Alveolars: /s/,/z/,/n/,/r/ Alveopalatals: /š/,/ž/,/č/jˇ/ Alveopalatals: /š/,/ž/,/č/jˇ/ (şal,jale,çan,can) (şal,jale,çan,can) Palatals: /j/,/c/,/  / Palatals: /j/,/c/,/  / (yarın,kağıt,rüzgar) (yarın,kağıt,rüzgar) Velars: /k/,/g/, /ł/ Velars: /k/,/g/, /ł/ (kal,gar,kalın) (kal,gar,kalın) Glottal: /h/ Glottal: /h/ Reference: Reference:

Manner of articulation Obstruents: (Most obstruction of air flow) Obstruents: (Most obstruction of air flow) Plosives: /p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/c/,/  /,/k/,/g/ Fricatives: /f/,/v/,/s/,/z/,/š/,/ž/ Affricates: /č/,/ jˇ/ Sonorants: (Less obstruction of air flow) Sonorants: (Less obstruction of air flow) Nasals: /m/,/n/ Liquids: /l/,/ł/,/r/ Glide: /j/ (yarın)

State of glottis: Voiceless: /p/,/t/,/c/,/k/,/f/,/s/, /š/, /č/,/h/ Voiceless: /p/,/t/,/c/,/k/,/f/,/s/, /š/, /č/,/h/ Voiced: /b/,/d/,/  /,/g/, /v/,/z/,/ž/,/jˇ/, /m/,/n/,/l/,/ł/,/r/,/j/ Voiced: /b/,/d/,/  /,/g/, /v/,/z/,/ž/,/jˇ/, /m/,/n/,/l/,/ł/,/r/,/j/

Examples: Kar Kar Kar Kar Rüzgar Gar Rüzgar Gar

Examples: Ufuk Fil Ufuk Fil

Examples: KavunDuvar KavunDuvar Ver Ver

Examples: Bir Ara Bir Ara Rol Rol

Examples: LaleKal LaleKal Gel Gel

EGG signals: Original: EGG: Original: EGG: