Ali can’t play basketball because he is short. Ali can’t play basketball, for he is short. Ali can’t play basketball since he is short. Ali can’t play basketball as he is short. Ali can’t play basketball because of his height. The plane couldn’t land because the weather was bad. The plane couldn’t land, for the weather was bad. The plane couldn’t land since the weather was bad. The plane couldn’t land as the weather was bad. The plane couldn’t land because of the bad weather.

Keep small objects out of reach Keep the door closed: kapıyı kapalı tut Keep your room tidy: odanı düzenli tut Keep small objects out of reach Küçük nesneleri ulaşılamayacak bir yerde tut

DON’T keep your room untidy. Keep your feet hot. Keep your room tidy. DON’T keep your room untidy. Keep your feet hot. DON’T keep your feet cold. You must keep your room tidy. Odanı düzenli tutmalısın. You must keep your feet hot. Ayaklarını sıcak tutmalısın.

You mustn’t feed animals in the zoo. You mustn’t tell lies. You mustn’t smoke. You mustn’t feed animals in the zoo. You mustn’t tell lies. You mustn’t drive without a licence.

May Might Could should Verb1 P R E S E N T N o w May have Might have Could have Should have Verb3 P A S T YESTERDAY

Ali got a low mark. He might NOT have studied his lesson. He may NOT have studied his lesson. He could NOT have studied his lesson. Past tense / GEÇMİŞ ZAMAN The student was crying. He might have injured himself. Past tense/GEÇMİŞ ZAMAN

They didn’t eat the meat. It was too salty. She should have put LESS SALT on it.

Türkan has not felt herself well for an hour. She may eat something poisonous. Zehirli bir şey yiyebilir. She should have eaten something poisonous. Zehirli bir şey yemeliydi. (ama yemedi) She will have eaten something poisonous. Zehirli bir şey yemiş olacak. She might have eaten something poisonous. Zehirli bir şey yemiş olabilir.

Sleep Don’t sleep Never sleep Smoke Don’t smoke Never smoke Be rude Don’t be rude Never be rude Work Don’t work NEVER work Learn Don’t learn Never learn Drive fast Don’t drive fast Never drive fast

As While Just as - İken PAST CONTINUOUS As they were leaving, While they were leaving, Just as they were leaving, WHEN they left, WHEN + SIMPLE PAST

U S E D TO + V1 He used to run He DID not USE to run. DID he USE to run? Koşardı. Koşmazdı. Koşar mıydı?

Have somebody do something Birisinden bir şey yapmasını RİCA etmek Make somebody do something Birisine ZORLA bir şey yaptırmak Do: yapmak Force: zorlamak

As: çünkü So: bu yüzden Therefore: bu yüzden Just as: -iken, (while)

Can do: yapabilir Can BE done: yapıLabilir Can love: sevebilir Can BE loved: seviLebilir Can wash: yıkayabilir Can BE washed: yıkaNabilir Can solve: çözebilir Can BE solved: çözÜLebilir

Eski alışkanlıklarımızı anlatmak için USED TO V1 yapısını kullanırız. He used to drink milk. I used to live in Karabük. We used to eat junk food. They used to use typewriters.

get somebody to do something “ikna” Make somebody do something “zorla” Get your child to sleep Make your child sleep Çocuğunu uyut “ikna ederek” Çocuğunu uyut “zorla”

How often: Hangi sıklıkta, ne kadar sık Always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never Once, twice, three timeS, four timeS Once a day Twice a week Three times a month Three hours a night

How often do you go to the cinema? (always) I always go to the cinema. How often do you go to the cinema? (once a week) to the cinema once a week. I go to the cinema once a week.

The body needS to rest. We need to understand each other We need to drink enough water.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Was surfing now is surfing At this time yesterday Sörf yapıYORdu PAST CONTINUOUS Had been surfing now P a s t PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Action FINISHED PRESENT PERFECT Has surfed now Action CONTINUING or finished Has been surfing now P a s t PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

carry out (v): uygula, yap Can carry: uygulayabilir, yapabilir Can BE carried: uygulaNabilir, yapILabilir Will carry out: uygulayacak, yapacak Will be CARRied OUT: uygulaNacak, yapILacak Must carry out: uygulamak zorunda, yapmak zorunda Must BE carrIED out: uygulaNmak zorunda yapILmak zorunda

Scientists………………………………… (work) for ages. I ……………………………………. (teach) English for 19 years. She …………………………(prepared) the meal. It smells delicious. We …………………………….. (read) two books recently. Ali ………………………….. (eat) ten apples so far. have been working have been teaching has prepared have read has eaten

For the past five years 5 4 3 2 1 for

Must do: yapmak zorunda Must have done: (kesinlikle) yapmış olmalı Can do: yapabilir Must do: yapmak zorunda Must have done: (kesinlikle) yapmış olmalı Could have done: (zayıf olasılık) yapmış olabilir

Therefore THUS so bu yüzden, bu sebeple He didn’t study. Therefore, he failed. He didn’t study, so he failed. He didn’t study; THUS he failed.

There is no electricity. Therefore we can’t watch tv. There is no electricity, so we can’t watch tv. There is no electricity; THUS we can’t watch tv.

Since he is fat, he can’t run fast. As he is fat, he can’t run fast. He can’t run fast because he is fat. He can’t run fast, for he is fat. Since As Because for sentence