Pronouns. Zamirler, nesnelerin ve kavramların gerçek adları yerine geçici olarak kullanılan kelimelerdir. Zamirlerin anlamları yoktur. Bir zamir tek başına.

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Sunum transkripti:

Pronouns

Zamirler, nesnelerin ve kavramların gerçek adları yerine geçici olarak kullanılan kelimelerdir. Zamirlerin anlamları yoktur. Bir zamir tek başına hiçbir nesneyi karşılamaz, zihinde hiçbir nesne canlandırmaz, hiçbir kavram düşündürmez.

Devamı… Bu nedenle, zamirlere isimlerin yerini tutan kelimelerdir diyebiliriz. Zamirlerin çeşitleri vardır:

A- Personal Pronouns (Şahis Zamirleri): Yalın halde kullanılan “I, YOU, HE, SHE, IT, ONE, WE, YOU, THEY” cümlelerin özneleri olup “ME, YOU, HIM, HER, IT, ONE, US, YOU, THEM” nesneleridir. Örneğin ;

-Ahmet saw me the other day.(Ahmet beni birkaç gün önce gördü.) - He saw me the other day. -The books belong to me. (Kitaplar bana ait.) - They belong to me.

Not: 1. She (her), gemi, uçak, motorlu vasıta, memleket ve hatta sehirler için sevgi ifadesinde kullanılır. -That is the Love Boat. She is a beautiful ship. - Turkey is our country. We love her very much.

Devamı… 2. “It”, normalde cansız nesneler ve hayvanlar için kullanıldığı halde bebekler için de kullanılır. 3. “One”, bir sayı olup tüm sayılar gibi “zamir” olarak kullanılabilir. -There is only one student there, not two. -One of your brothers came to see me today.

B - Possessive Pronouns( Mülkiyet Zamirleri): “ MY, YOUR, HIS, HER, ITS, OUR, YOUR, THEIR” isimlerden önce kullanılabilir. Oysa “ Possessive Pronoun”lar yani “mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs” tek başlarına kullanılır. -That is your car. That car is yours. - That is his pencil. That pencil is his.

C-Demonstrative Pronouns(=işaret Zamirleri): “This, that, these, those, ”isimlerle birlikte kullanıldığında “belirtme sıfat”ları oldukları halde, isim olmaksızın kullanıldığında “işaret zamirleri”dir. - I’d like to by this car, not that car. (sıfat) - This is what I want you to do. (zamir)

Note: “The former” ve "The latter" da aynı zamanda işaret zamiri olarak kullanılır: -The orchestra played two Beethoven Symphonies, the Third and the Fifth; - The former was played magnificently, the latter was not so well done.

Note: “Such”, “I have had such a busy day” cümlesinde “belirtme sıfatı” olduğu halde, “His carelessness is such as to make it unlikely that he will pass the exam. ” Cümlesinde “işaret zamiri” dir. -They export a lot of fruit, such as(=for example) oranges, lemons. -He gave me his help such as it was

D- Reflexive and Emphasizing Pronouns (Dönüşlü ve vurgulayıcı zamirler): “Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves” zamirleridir. Öznenin yaptığı eylemi tekrar o özneye döndürürler yani özne ile nesne aynı kişilerdir.

Examples: - I shave myself every morning. - You are teaching yourself English. - They helped themselves to the cakes - She saw herself in the mirror. - One should try to see oneself a others see one - It is pity we can’t see ourselves as others see us. - Make yourself at home.

Note: “Preposition”lardan sonra kullanılır. -She looked at herself in the looking glass -My darling loves me for myself, not for my money -I want a little time to myself -She is proud of herself.

Note: Dönüşlü olarak kullanılan fiilerle kullanılır. -I pride myself on always having a tidy garden. -I hope the children will behave themselves. -We hope you’ll enjoy yourself at the party. -He applied himself to the task of organizing the finances of the firm.

E- İnterrogative Pronouns (= soru zamirleri): Bu zamirler “WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, WHICH, WHAT” olup, her zaman fiillerden önce soru oluşturmada kullanılır. -What is he like to look at as a person? -Who/ What broke the dishes? -Which do you prefer, coffee or tea -Whose are these gloves? -Who(m) did they offer the scholarship to?

Note:“What” daha fazla şeylerden “which” ise sınırlı sayıda olanlardan seçim yapıldığında kullanılır. -What are you talking in your examination? -I’m talking English, French and German -Which of them is your best subject? A:English.

Note: Hayret, kızgınlık ve öfke ifadeleri:“WHAT, WHO, WHİCH+EVER” ile yapılır. -Whoever can be calling at this time of night? (= Hay Allah kahretsin! Gecenin bu vaktinde kim arıyor olabilir? -What ever were you thinking of to suggest such a plan?

F- İndefinite Pronouns (Belgisiz zamirler): Pek çoğu sıfat şeklinde “determiner”lar olarak da kullanılan bu gruptaki zamirler aşağıdaki içerirler: Some (=thing, body, -one); any (-thing, body;- one); no(-thing, body;-one); every(-thing, body;-all, one, none, other, another, much, many, less, more; (a) few, (a) little, enough, each, either, neither.

Examples: -Ask john if he has any. (zamir) -If only (=I wish) I had some red roses. (sıfat) -I must try to grow some next year. (zamir) -He told me a lot of other things that I can’t remember now. (sıfat) -Which one are you going to choose that one or the other. (zamir) -At the party each child was given an apple and a bag of sweets. (sıfat)

Note:1. Anlam ve kullanım açısından “EVERY”(=her) ve “EACH” (=her bir/i) arasında bazı farklılıklar vardır: "Each" toplam sayı iki veya daha fazla olduğunda; "every", toplam sayı ikiden fazla olduğunda kullanılır. "Every" ayrı ayrı olanları bir bütün içine topladığı halde, “each” bunları teker teker bir bütün içine yayar.

Examples: -Each must do his best. (zamir) -They each signed the paper. (zamir) -The teacher came to school with a bag of apples and gave the students two each. (zamir) -Each man must do his best (sıfat) -Each person signed the paper. (sıfat) -He gave each boy two apples. (sıfat) -Before choosing a pen, she looked at each one. (sıfat)

Note:1. “Each, every, everyone, everybody, everything" kendilerine tekil fiil alırlar. 2. Aşağıdaki yapılarda “every” nin yerine “each” kullanılmaz: -I go there every other day. (=gün aşırı) =on alternate days. -He visits us every two days. (=her iki günde bir) -We have a lesson on Monday, but on every other days there are no lessons. (=there are no lessons on all the other days)

Devamı… 3. “All” gibi sıfat ve zarf olan “BOTH” bütünlük fikri verir ve sadece iki şey/ kişi için kullanılır. -I have two sons: they are both doctors.(zamir) -I don’t know which book is the better. I will read both (zamir) -Which of the two girls is he in love with? -Both! -Both his legs were broken in a car crash.(sıfat) -There are houses on both sides of the avenue. (sıfat) -Both (the) men were found guilty. (sıfat)

4. Sıfat ve zamir olarak “SOME” sayılabilen/sayılamayan çoğul isimlerden önce kullanılır. -There are some cows in the field.(sıfat) -He has spilt some ink on the table cloth.(sıfat) -He didn’t have any cigarettes so he went out to buy some.(zamir) -If you have no Money, I will lend you some. (zamir)

5. SOMETHING” ve “SOME” “Yaklaşık olarak” anlamını da verirler. -I will whistle the tune for you: it goes something like this -It will take some three or four thousand pounds to rebuild the house.

6. “ANY”, genel anlamda; neyin, hangisinin ve kimin olduğundan önemli olmadığı durumlarda kullanılır. -You can come any day you like. -Get me some cigarettes, please; any kind will do. -He is a man who will do anything (everything) for Money.

7. “OTHER”, sıfat ve zamir olarak kullanılır. Sıfat durumunda değişmediği halde “zamir” kullanımında kendisine “-s” takısı alır. OTHERS “An” ile kullanıldığında “ANOTHER” şekli vardır. THE OTHER (tekil) “iki şeyin ikincisi” anlamı verir. -He held a sword in one hand a pistol in the other. -One of my brothers is called Richard, the other is called Fred.

8. "The other(s) geri kalanı/ kalanları anlamındadır. -I got home by 7 o’clock, but the others didn’t get back until about 8. -There are other ways of solving this problem. -I have no other friend but you. -Some like milk chocolate others prefer bitter chocolate.

9. “Another” ilave olanı farklı olanı ve daha anlamı verir. -He already has two cars, and now he has bought another. -The point of this pencil is blunt, will you please lend me another?(=bir başkasını) -One day politicians say one thing and on another day something quite different -When the new extension has built hospital there will be room for another one hundred patients.

10. “Each other” ve “one another” karşılıklı duygu ve hareketi ifade ederler. "Each other" iki "one another" ikiden fazla şey ve kişiler için kullanılır. -The two brothers love each other. (birbirlerini) -Little children love one another. (=birbirlerini) -They gave presents to each other. -They were very fond of one another.