Chapter 1 (Bölüm 1) The accounting equation(muhasebe denklemi) and the balance sheet(bilanço)

History of accounting(Muhasebenin Tarihi) Seven key ingredients were required for the development of a formal system of accounting (Resmi muhasebe sisteminin oluşturulması için gerekli olan 7 önemli başlık): Private property (özel mülk) Capital (Kapital, sermaye) Commerce Credit (Kredi) Writing (Yazılım) Money (Para) Arithmetic (Aritmetik).

The objectives of accounting(Muhaebenin amaçları) Accounting has many objectives, including letting people and organisations know: Muhasebe insanların ve organizasyonların bilmesi gereken birçok amaç içermektedir) if they are making a profit or a loss( Kâr veya zarar yapıp yapmadıkları); what their business is worth (işletmelerinin kıymeti/değeri nedir); what a transaction was worth to them(yapılan işlemler ne kadar değerli olmuştur);

Muhasebenin amaçları (devam) how much cash they have (Nakit mevcutları ne kadardır); how wealthy they are (Ne kadar kıymet etmişlerdir); how much they are owed (Ne kadar borçlular); how much they owe someone else (Başkasını ne kadar borçlandırdılar); the necessary information so that they can keep a financial check on the things they do (Finansal konrollerin yapılabilmesi için gerekli bilgilerin olması).

Users of accounting information (Muhasebe bilgilerinin kullanıcıları) Possible users of accounting information include (Muhtemel muhasebe bilgilerinin kullanıcıları şunları içermektedir): Managers (Yöneticiler) Owner(s) of the business (İşletmenin mülk sahibi) A prospective buyer (Muhtemel alıcı) The bank (Banka) Tax inspectors (Vergi müfettişleri) A prospective partner (Muhtemel ortak) Investors (Yatırımcılar).

The accounting equation (Muhasebe Denklemi) Assets (Varlıklar) = Capital (Sermaye) + Liabilities (Borçlar) Alternatively (Bir başka değişle) Resources: what they are (Mevcut Kaynakları) = Resources: who supplied them (Kaynakları sağlayan)

The accounting equation rearranged (Yeniden oluşturulmuş muhasebe denklemi) Assets(Varlıklar) = Capital(Sermaye) + Liabilities(Borçlar) Capital(Sermaye) = Assets(Varlıklar) – Liabilities(Borçlar) Liabilities(Borçlar) = Assets(Varlıklar) – Capital(Sermaye)

The accounting equation Resources supplied by the owner (işletme sahibi tarafından sağlanan kaynaklar) = Resources in the business(işletmedeki kaynaklar) Capital = Assets But if someone else has provided some of the assets(Bazı varlıkları bir başkası sağlıyor ise): Capital = Assets - Liabilities

The statement of financial position(Balance Sheet) and the effects of business transactions(Bilanço ve işletme üzerindeki etkileri)

1. The introduction of capital (Sermaye Kaydı) On 1 May 2011, B. Blake started in business and deposited £60,000 into a bank account opened specially for the business Statement of financial position as at 1 May 2011 Assets: Cash at bank £60,000 Capital £60,000

2. The purchase of an asset by cheque (Çek ile satın alınan varlık) On 3 May 2011, Blake buys a small shop for £32,000, paying by cheque Statement of financial position as at 2 May 2011 Assets £ Shop 32,000 Cash at bank 28,000 60,000 Capital 60,000

3. The purchase of an asset and the incurring of a liability(Borca girilerek varlık satın alınması) On 6 May 2011, Blake buys some goods for £7,000 from D. Smith and agrees to pay for them some time within the next two weeks Statement of financial position as at 6 May 2011 Assets £ Shop (Dükkan) 32,000 Inventory (ürün veya stok) 7,000 Cash at bank (Bankadaki nakit) 28,000 67,000 Less: Account payable (alıcı) (7,000) 60,000 Capital 60,000

4. Sale of an asset on credit(Kredili olarak yapılan varlık satışı) On 10 May 2011, goods which cost £600 were sold to J. Brown for the same amount, the money to be paid later Statement of financial position as at 10 May 2011 Assets £ Shop 32,000 Inventory (7,000 – 600) 6,400 Account receivable (Borçlu) 600 Cash at bank 28,000 67,000 Less: Account payable (7,000) 60,000 Capital 60,000

5. Sale of an asset for immediate payment (yapılan varlık satışının anında ödenmesi) On 13 May 2011, goods which cost £400 were sold to D. Daley for the same amount. Daley paid for them immediately by cheque Statement of financial position as at 13 May 2011 Assets £ Shop 32,000 Inventory (6,400 – 400) 6,000 Account receivable 600 Cash at bank (28,000 + 400) 28,400 67,000 Less: Account payable (7,000) 60,000 Capital 60,000

6. The payment of a liability (borcun ödenmesi) On 15 May 2011, Blake pays a cheque for £3,000 to D. Smith in part payment of the amount owing Statement of financial position as at 15 May 2011 Assets £ Shop 32,000 Inventory 6,000 Account receivable 600 Cash at bank (28,400 – 3,000) 25,400 64,000 Less: Account payable (4,000) 60,000 Capital 60,000

7. Collection of an asset (varlıkların toplanması) J. Brown, who owed Blake £600, makes a part payment of £200 by cheque on 31 May 2011 Statement of financial position as at 31 May 2011 Assets £ Shop 32,000 Inventory 6,000 Account receivable (600 – 200) 400 Cash at bank (25,400 + 200) 25,600 64,000 Less: Account payable (4,000) 60,000 Capital 60,000

Example of transactions (Örnek İşlemler) Effects (Etkileri)

Example of transaction Effect Owner pays capital into the bank ( Mal sahibi bankaya sermaye yatırımı yaptığında) ↑ increase asset (Bank) Varlıkta artış var Yani BANKA da artış var ↑ increase capital Sermayede artış var