Duygular

Tepki Örüntüleri Olarak Duygular Korku Amygdala Lateral Nucleus (LA) – şu yapılardan duyusal bilgiyi alır: Neokorteks, thalamus ve hippocampus – ve şu yapılara projeksiyonlar yapar: basal, accessory basal, ve amygdala merkez çekirdeği. Central Nucleus – şu yapılardan bilgiyi alır: basal, lateral ve şu yapılara projeksiyonlar yapar: accessory basal nuclei ve duygularla ilgili bilgilerin işlendiği birçok beyin alanı. Koşullu Duygusal Tepki – Klasik koşullu korku tepkisi.

Amygdala

Koşullu Tepkiler

Tepki Örüntüleri Olarak Duygular (devam) Amygdala insanda duygusal tepkilerle ilişkilidir. Amygdala lezyonları duygusal tepkilerde azalmaya yol açar. Amygdala lezyonları koşullu duygusal tepkileri azaltır. Amygdala lezyonları bellek üzerindeki duygu etkilerini etkiler.. Medial prefrontal corteks koşullu duygusal tepkilerin sönmesinde rol oynar.

Tepki Örüntüleri Olarak Duygular (devam) Öfke, Saldırganlık ve Dürtü Kontrolü Davranış Tehdit Davranışı– saldırma ihtimali bulunan başka bir hayvanı uyarmaya yönelik türe-özgü stereotipik davranış. Savunma Davranışı – diğer bir hayvandan gelecek bir tehdite karşı kendisini korumak için bir hayvanın kullandığı türe-özgü davranış. Boyun Eğme Davranışı – başka bir hayvandan gelen bir tehdit karşısında gösterilen stereotipik davranış.

Savunma Davranışına İlişkin Sinirsel Devre

Emotions as Response Patterns (Continued) Role of Serotonin Activity of serotonergic synapses inhibits aggression. Destruction of serotonergic axons in the forebrain facilitates aggressive attack. Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (vmPFC) Includes medial orbitofrontal cortex and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex. Plays a role in complex analyses of social situations.

Figure 11.9 The Location of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

Emotions as Response Patterns (Continued) Hormonal Control of Aggressive Behavior Aggression in Males In rodents, androgen secretion occurs prenatally, decreases, and increases again at puberty. Intermale aggressiveness increases at puberty. Aggression in Females Less aggressive than males. Aggression appears to be facilitated by testosterone.

Figure 11.13 Organizational and Activational Effects of Testosterone on Social Aggression

Communication of Emotions Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Responses Facial expression of emotions appear to be innate. Cross-cultural studies and studies of blind children support the belief that facial expressions of emotion are innate.

Communication of Emotions (Continued) Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition Laterality of Emotional Recognition Right hemisphere is more important for the comprehension of emotion. Role of the Amygdala Important for emotion recognition, especially for facial expressions. Affective Blindsight – ability of a person who cannot see objects in his/her blind field to accurately identify facial expressions of emotion without conscious perception of them.

Communication of Emotions (Continued) Perception of Direction of Gaze Recognition of the direction of another monkey’s gaze involves neurons in the superior temporal sulcus. Important to know if another’s gaze is directed toward you or not. Disgust Ability to recognize facial expressions of disgust is impaired by damage to the insular cortex and basal ganglia.

Emotions as Response Patterns (Continued) Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression Facial expressions are automatic and involuntary. It is difficult to artificially produce realistic facial expressions of emotion. Volitional Facial Paresis – difficulty in moving the facial muscles voluntarily; caused by damage to the face region of the primary motor cortex or its subcortical connections.

Emotions as Response Patterns (Continued) Emotional Facial Paresis – lack of movement of facial muscles in response to emotions in people who have no difficulty moving the muscles; caused by damage to insular prefrontal cortex, white matter of the frontal lobe, or parts of the thalamus.

Feelings of Emotions The James-Lange Theory Theory of emotion suggesting that behaviors and physiological responses are directly elicited by situations and that feelings of emotions are produced by feedback from these behaviors and responses. Difficult to verify experimentally.

Figure 11.30 The James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Feelings of Emotions (Continued) Feedback from Simulated Emotions Artificial creations of facial expressions alters autonomic nervous system activity. May reflect associations with mirror neurons. Tendency to imitate the expressions of others appears to be innate.