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Nonmendelian Kalıtım: Dinamik mutasyonlar
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Objectifler Üçlü nukleotid tekrarları
Fragil X sendromu, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington’s hastalığı ve Myotonic distrofi
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Tarihçe 1991’de gözlendiler
Üçlü nukleotidlerde stabil olmayan artışlar izlendi Tekrarlar normalde populasyonda polimorfik, fakat ailelerde stabil Tekrarlar etkilenen ailelerde stabil değil Artış çok farklı değerlerde olabilir
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14 stabil olmayan Trinukleotid tekrarı ve bunlarla ilgili hastalıklar
AUG TAA CGG GAA CAG CTG Fragil X Sendromu Fragil XE MR Fredreich’s Ataxia Spinobulbar Muscular Atrophy Huntington’s Disease Dentatorubral-Pallidoluyslan Atrophy Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1 Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6 Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 7 Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 8 Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 12 Machado-Joseph Disease (SCA3) Myotonik Distrofi
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CGG CAG CTG GAA Fredreich’s Ataxia Myotonic Dystrophy
AUG TAA CGG CAG CTG GAA Fredreich’s Ataxia Myotonic Dystrophy Fragile X Syndrome Fragile XE MR Spinobulbar Muscular Atrophy Huntington’s Disease Dentatorubral-Pallidoluyslan Atropphy Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1 Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6 Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 7 Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 8 Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 12 Machado-Joseph Disease (SCA3)
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CGG CAG CTG GAA Ortak özellikler: Nörolojik hastalık
AUG TAA CGG CAG CTG GAA 5’ UTR Intronik Polyglutamine Kodlama yapan bölgede 3’ UTR Ortak özellikler: Nörolojik hastalık Genelde Otozomal Dominant –X-bağlı veya resesif olabilirler Azalmış penetrans gösterebilirler
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Slipped Mispairing underlies triplet repeat expansion
Lagging Strand Template 5’ (A) Leading Strand Template 3’ 3 2 1 5’ 5’ (B) Okazaki Fragments Polymerization proceeds from 5’ to 3’ for the newly synthesized DNA strands. On the lagging strand, synthesis proceeds 5’ to 3’ for each Okazaki fragment, but overall lagging strand synthesis proceeds 3’ to 5’ as the fragments extend, meet and are ligated together, indicated by 1,2,3. 3’ 5’
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Slipped Mispairing underlies triplet repeat expansion
Lagging Strand Template 5’ Leading Strand Template (A) 3’ CGG CGG 3 CGG 2 1 5’ 5’ (B) Okazaki Fragments Polymerization proceeds from 5’ to 3’ for the newly synthesized DNA strands. On the lagging strand, synthesis proceeds 5’ to 3’ for each Okazaki fragment, but overall lagging strand synthesis proceeds 3’ to 5’ as the fragments extend, meet and are ligated together, indicated by 1,2,3. 3’ 5’
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Fragil X X-bağlı dominant penetrans azlığı gösterir
Orta düzeyde mental retardasyon – 1/4000 erkeklerde; 1/8000 dişilerde X kromozomunda (Xq27.3) “fragil” bölge dekondanse
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Fragil X Mental Retardasyon gen 1
FMR1 3 8 k b A U G T 1 2 4 5 6 7 9 a m i n o c d s ( D ) (CGG)n
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Klinik özellikler: Fragil X
Uzun yüz – Büyük kulaklar Mental gerilik (I.Q ) Dikkat kusuru/hiperaktivite
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Fragile X in males 2 yrs. 5 yrs. 22 yrs.
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Fragile X in females
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Fragil X’de CGG 5’ UTR de FMR1 geninde
Allel tipleri: Normal allel – 7-40 CGG Premutasyon allel Hasta allel - >200 den binlerce tekrara kadar İşlev kaybı
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Fragil X (CGG) n Transcription CpG Island Translation 5’ 3’
40 repeats Common Male Female 1/ /16 1/ /350 1/ /8000 41-60 repeats Intermediate repeats Premutation > 200 repeats, methylated Full mutation
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FMR1 Repeat Instability
mean I 85,25 88 94,25 90 86,25 II 104 111 III >230 500 31 Full mutation Premutation Normal 32P-CGG probe of PCR
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Functional domains in the FMR protein
NLS KH1 KH2 NES RGG Cytoplasmic protein NLS-nuclear localization sequence (Eberhardt, et al Hum.Mol.Gen) KH-homology to hnRNP K (Siomi, et al Cell) NES-nuclear export sequence (Eberhardt, et al Hum.Mol.Gen) RGG-arginine-glycine-rich region (Siomi, et al Cell)
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Model for FMRP function in neurons AXON FMRP DENTRITE Glu
mGluR Spine maturation; synaptic plasticity
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Friedreich Ataxia 1/50,000 otosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia
images/jamie1.jpg
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Friedreich Ataxia AAG tekrarları intron frataxin de Alel Tipleri:
Normal allel - <34 tekrar Taşıyıcı allel – tekrar Hasta allel - >100 tekrar AUG TAA CGG CAG CTG GAA
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Frataxin mitokondrial protein
Demir metabolismasında iş görür.
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Huntington Disease (HD)
Otosomal Dominant (~1/25,000,) Orta yaşta başlar ölümle sonuçlanır.
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Atrophy of the caudate and putamen
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HD CAG tekrarı ile oluşur.
polyglutamin-kodlayan gende CAG ekson 1de Normalde – 9-35 CAG tekrar Hastalarda – 36+ tekrar üstü 120 ye kadar.
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Solid line – avg age at onset; shaded area shows rage of age of onset
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Artış mayozda oluşur
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Huntington Hastalığı ve Founder (Kurucu) etkisi
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Myotonik Distrofi
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Myotonic Dystrophy CTG tekrarı
CTG tekrarı 3’UTR DMPK geni (19q13) – bir protein kinase Normal allel – 5-30 CTG tekrar Orta – tekrar Klasik allel – tekrar Kongenital – 2,000+ tekrar
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Anticipation in Myotonic Dystrophy
mild Repeat size in DMPK gene 60, 6 5, 7 classic classic 90, 5 96, 7 4, 12 congenital congenital 2150, 12 2900, 4
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Sonuç Üçlü nükleotid tekrarları hastalıklar oluşturabilir.
Myotonic Dystrophy Huntington’s Disease Fragile X Syndrome Friedreich’s Ataxia
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