ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

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1 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
PIPE MATERIALS Prof. Dr. Fevzi YILMAZ Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Universitesi (FSMVU), İstanbul/Turkiye ALTERNATIVES STEEL PVC PE CAST IRON, DUCTILE IRON CONCRETE (Glass) COMPOSITE SELECTION ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS Main Ref.: MATERIALS AND DESIGN, MIKE ASHBY AND KARA JOHNSON / Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, Amsterdam, 2006

2 CLASSES OF MATERIALS

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5 COMPARISON Yield Strength σys= 370MPa=37 kg/mm2 Elastic Modules
E=216GPa= MPa= Pa= = N/m2= = kg/m2= = kg/mm2 Kıc-fracture toughness High Kıc crack tolerant Kıc= σ √a= MPa.a1/2= MPa.m1/2 Kıc= 60 St. 0.6 Gls a=0.01m , σ = 600MPa St. 6MPa Gls Specific heat (J/kg.K cal/g.0C) Air=0,2cal/g.0C Water=1 cal/g.0C Soil= 0,3-1,5 cal/g.0C metal<seramic<polymer Th. Conductivity (W/m.K) Polymer, elostomer= metal Conductivity in Watt: In a second 1 joule energ spent (Power) Glass:1 Aluminium:200 PE:0.2 Steel:5 Th.Expansion (10-6/0C, 10-6/K coefficient) Polymer, elostomer (P,E) = 10 . metal Ceramic 0,5.10-6/0C Polymer /0C /0C Invar 0, /0C

6 Expansion Linear expansion (α). Volumetric expansion (β), ( β=3α)·
Pyrex glass α = 0.33 x normal glass Invar α =0, /°C= 0,7.10-6/°C ) Metals α= 5 x x 10-6 /°C Ceramics α= 0,5 x x 10-6 /°C Polimers α=50 x x 10-6/°C Problem: ɭₒ=300cm steel bar +20 °C What is ΔL? (α=0,000011/°C) Answer: ΔL = αLₒ ΔT = (0,000011/°C) (300 cm) (20°C) = 0,066cm Thermal Conductivity:the amount of heat that flows per unit time through unit area with a temperature gradient of one degree per unit distance

7 HARDNESS Hardness is a characteristic of a material, not a fundamental physical property. It is defined as the resistance to indentation, and it is determined by measuring . Brinell, Vickers and Rockwell test methods are available, along with hardness conversion tables and charts.

8 Characteristics and Properties (For PTFE in English and in Turkish)
Fiat: Naylon 8, Çelik 0.5, Alüminyum 4, Titanyum 26, Cam 0,8 Yoğunluk, Özgül Kütle: Cam2.5, Titanyum 5,Alümin. 2.7, çelik 7.8 Teknik Özellikler  Elastik Modül, Direngenlik: Çelik 210,Alümin.75, PVC 3, Naylon3 % Uzama: Naylon 1000, PC 100, Çelik25, Cam 0 Kırılma Tokluğu: Cam 0.6, Çelik 60, Titany.80, Polimer komp. 10 Sertlik:PVC10,Çelik 400, Cam 460 Akma Mukavemeti: Cam 30, Çelik1000, PVC45 Servis: PVC-20-70,Çelik , Cam Özgül ısı: Cam900,Çelik480,PVC1400, Termal iletkenlik: Cam1,Çelik50, Alümin.200, Polimer köpük0.05 Termal genleşme: Cam9.Çelik12, Alümin.20, Polimer köpük100 Ekolojik Özellikler Enerji miktarı: Cam22,Çelik65, Alümin.275, Polimer köpük170 Cam-yüksek,Çelik-yüksek, Alümin.-yüksek, Polimer köpük-düşük Estetik Özellikler Düş.-yük. titreş:Cam7-8,Çelik9, Alümin.8-9, Polimer köpük2-3 Sönümleme-çınlama:Cam8-9,Çelik6-7, Alümin.5-8, Polim-köp2 Cam7-8,Çelik9, Alümin.8-9, Polimer köpük2-3 Cam5-6,Çelik9, Alümin.9-10, Polimer köpük8-9 Parlaklık:Çelik-%59,Alüminyum-%89 Geçirgen-opak:PC-optik kalite, Alüminyum-opak Diğer polimerlere göre göreceli özellikler Soğuğa dayanım Korozyon direnci Sönümleme Yanma geciktiriciliği Ağır Sıcağa dayanım Kayganlık Sağlam

9 HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE)PIPE

10 Polyethylene (PE)

11 Polyethylene (PE)

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13 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) PIPE

14 Polyvinylchloride (PVC)

15 Polyvinylchloride (PVC)

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17 GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER (GFRP) PIPE
Main ingredians: Polyester matrix, glass fibres

18 Polyesters (PET, PBT)

19 Polyesters (PET, PBT)

20 Polyesters (PET, PBT)

21 Polyesters (PET, PBT)

22 Polymer Composites

23 Polymer Composites

24 Polymer Composites

25 Polymer Composites

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27 STEEL PIPE

28 Carbon Steels

29 Carbon Steels

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31 Cast iron pipe, Ductile iron pipe
Cast iron pipe had historic use as a pressure pipe for transmission of water, gas and sewage. It also used as a water drainage pipe during the 19th and 20th centuries. It is named as gray cast iron tube and pipe. It is frequently used uncoated. Later coatings and linings reduced corrosion and improve hydraulics. Cast iron pipe was replaced by ductile iron pipe during the 1970s and 1980s. Manufacture: Horizontally cast Vertically cast Centrifugally cast These water pipelines were composed of individually cast pipe sections, often termed sticks, jointed together by a bell and spigot joint. Centrifugally cast: Its invention by Dimitri Sensaud deLavaud, a French-Brazilian. Cast iron pipe (flake-like graphite+iron) Ductile iron pipe (spheroidal graphite+ iron)

32 Concrete pipes Steel reinforced concrete pipe - SRCP Stormwater pipes
Wide range of diameters, lengths, classes, mix variants and linings to meet customers' project needs. Standard concrete pipes are available in 300mm to 3,600mm diameters. Pipes are available in standard strength (class 2-4) and super strength (class 6-10) load classes. Concrete pipes are typically manufactured in 2.44m lengths, although other lengths can also be manufactured on request. Pipes are available with either a flush joint or rubber ring joint. Precast Concrete Pipes (pressure and non-pressure). Pipes can also be custom made and tested to meet specific customer requirements.

33 Glass

34 Glass

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