Karizmatik Liderlik Recep Birkan – Neşat Hacıibrahimoğlu

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Karizmatik Liderlik Recep Birkan – Neşat Hacıibrahimoğlu Transformational leadership works in a variety of contexts but tends to be more effective in smaller companies. It does work better when the leader is more closely connected to the followers and can understand their situation. The link between transformational leadership and positive job outcomes is solid. Recep Birkan – Neşat Hacıibrahimoğlu

Tarihçesi ve Tanımı Karizma, Eski Yunan uygarlığına kadar uzanan bir geçmişe sahiptir ve Eski Yunanca’da “ilahi ilham yeteneği” veya “ilahi hediye” anlamına gelmektedir (Yukl, p.317; Larsson and Rönnmark, 1996, p.33). Bu kavram, Transformational leadership works in a variety of contexts but tends to be more effective in smaller companies. It does work better when the leader is more closely connected to the followers and can understand their situation. The link between transformational leadership and positive job outcomes is solid.

Tarihçesi ve tanımı Eski Yunan felsefesinde hediye veya bağış anlamında kullanılan “gift” kelimesinden türemiştir. Karizma ile ilgili tartışmalar Plato gibi antik çağ filozofları tarafından başlatılmıştır. Hıristiyanların kutsal kitabı olan İncil'de de zikredilen bir kavramdır (Luthans, 1992, p.283).

Tarihçesi ve tanım Ancak Hıristiyanlık inancındaki genel kullanımı ilahi güç tarafından birilerine verilmiş bir takım olağanüstü güçler örneğin; kehanet, gaipten haber verme, üfürükçülük yada hastalara şifa verme gibi alanlarda olmuştur (Kılınç, www.merih.net)

Karizmatik yaklaşımın temelini oluşturan karizma kavramı, 1980’li yıllara kadar politik, sosyal ve dini liderlik açısından ele alınmıştır (Yukl, 1994: 317). Karizma kelimesi, başlangıçta, Antik Yunan’daki hediye “gift” anlamında kullanılmış; daha sonraki yıllarda “Hıristiyan Kilisesi tarafından Tanrı vergisi, iyileştirme veya kehanette bulunma gibi Tanrı’dan gelen hediye anlamında olağanüstü davranış” olarak tanımlanmıştır. The behavioral theories of leadership focuses on the premise that behaviors can be taught and traits cannot so that leaders are trained not born.

Dünyevi işlere ve liderliğe uyarlanması ise Alman sosyolog Max Weber tarafından yapılmış (Akt; Conger ve Ark., 1997: 291) ve 1980’li yıllardan sonra sistem yaklaşımının da benimsenmesiyle birlikte, liderin, küçük grup yerine büyük grupları etkilediği yaklaşımının kabulüyle, örgütsel alanda kullanılmaya başlanmıştır (Kılınç, 2008). Öyle ki, Bass (1985), bu yıllarda pek çok karizmatik liderin, örgütsel ortamda potansiyel olarak var olacağını, daha da ötesi örgütsel başarı için karizmatik liderliğin gerekli olacağını öngörmüştür. In this theory Fielder is trying to match the leader to the context. He proposes that leadership style is fixed. So that if the situation needs a charismatic leader and your current leader does not exhibit that style you need to change leaders. This leadership style can be determined by taking the LPC questionnaire (least preferred co-worker). After the leadership style is determined you can match the leader to the situation. There are three dimensions to find a successful match. The first situational factor is the Leader-member relationship, this ties back to our behavioral studies by looking at the degree of trust and respect they employees have for the leader. The second factor is the amount of structure that is embedded in job assignments. The last factor is the amount of influence the leader has over decisions that represent power such as hiring, firing and rewards. In Fiedler’s model you need to find a leader to fit the situation or change the situation to fit the leader in order to achieve effective leadership for the organization.

Karizmatik Liderlik Takipçiler belli davranışlar görünce kahraman liderlik yeteneklerini atıf ermesi: Vizyon Kişisel risk alma Takipçilerine karşı duyarlılık Olağanüstü davranışalar (Conger and Kanungo, 1998) Charisa comes from the Greek word meaning gift. When talking about a charismatic leader one will refer to someone with certain gifts or abilities. A charismatic leader will often gain followers through personality rather than through power or authority. There are four key characteristics that are associated with a charismatic leader. The leader must have vision, expressed as an idealized goal. The leader must be willing to take on high personal risk and engage in self-sacrifice to achieve the vision. In doing so the leaders needs to remain sensitive to the feelings and needs of their followers. Throughout the process the leaders may be engaging in behaviors that are perceived as counter to norms, thereby extraordinary.

Karizmatik Liderler: Doğar mı yoksa Yapılır mı? Karizma kısmen jenetiğe bağlı ve kısmen de eğitim ve deneyime. Karizma şöyle oluşturulabilir: Karizma havasını oluşturma (Richardson and Thayer, 1993) İyimser olma Tutkuyla hevesli olma Sadece lafta değil, işte de olması Başkalarını içeri çekebilme – başkalarına ilham verme Duygulara dokunma – başkalarının potansiyellerini açığa çıkartma The charismatic traits are often traits that a leader is born with, thus continuing the debate whether leaders are born or developed. In reality it is a mix of genetics, training and experience. Charisma can be created. One way is to develop an aura of charisma by being optimistic, passionately enthusiastic and to communicate with behaviors and words. A leader can also create charisma by drawing in others through inspiration as well as by tapping into emotions of the individuals to bring out their potential.

Çekici bir vizyon göstermek ve söylemek Karizmatik Liderler Nasıl Takipçilerini Erkilerler? (Shamir et al., 1993) Çekici bir vizyon göstermek ve söylemek Yeni değerler dizisini haber vermek O değerlere doğru davranışları modelleme Dramatik davranışı gösterme Evidence shows a four-step process can help the charismatic leader utilize their characteristics to influence their followers. First, the leader articulates a long-term strategy for achieving a goal. This strategy should fit the vision and uniqueness of the organization. Next, the leader needs to formalize that vision by creating a vision statement. Charismatic leaders will often use this statement to reinforce the goal and purpose of the organization. This vision is communicated in a way that expresses the leader’s excitement and commitment to the goal. Next, the leader will use his words and actions to communicate a new set of values for the followers to imitate. Then the charismatic leader will try to find behaviors that demonstrate their commitment to the vision. They will choose behaviors that will help followers “catch” the emotions the leader is conveying and help achieve buy in of the followers. Finally, the charismatic leader engages in emotion-inducing and often unconventional behavior to demonstrate courage and conviction about the vision to help the followers “catch” the vision.

Karizma ve Durumsal Bağlılık Karizma yüksek performans ve memnuniyetle çok güçlü bağı vardır (Hoogh et al., 2004) En iyi: Çevrede belirsizlik ve stres varken (House, 1976; House and Aditya, 1997) Ideoloji karışmışsa (Pastor et al., 2007) kullanılır Genelde üst seviye yöneticilerle ilgilidir Eğer bir kriz durumu vrsa insanlar karizmayı en çok anlarlar Charismatic leaders have shown to be effective but it often depends on the context. This leadership style works best in an environment where it is uncertain,stressfull and where there is some ideology involved. It is more closely associated with upper level executives and people are most receptive to charismatic actions when there is a crisis.

Karizmatik Liderliğin Potansiyel Karanlık Tarafı Kurumsal kaynakları kendi kişisel çıkarlarına kullanmak Şirketleri kendi imajina göre yapılandırma Kurumsal hedeflerin üstünen kişisel çıkar ve kişisel hedeflerin geçmesi (Tosi, 2004) There is a dark side to charismatic leadership if the leader misuses their skill set. In the past we have seen situations where leaders have abused the company resources and used them for their own benefit. Some leaders with strong charisma have remade the companies in their own image and left no plans for succession when they leave. In many cases the charismatic leader lets their own goals override those of the organization, thus creating a negative situation for the organization.

Karizmatik liderler demokratik bir yaşam felsefesine ters düşerler Karizmatik liderler demokratik bir yaşam felsefesine ters düşerler. Ama gene de zaman zaman ortaya çıkıyorlar. Robert Tucker karizmatik liderlerin oluşumunu şöyle özetlemiştir: Karizmatik lider ekonomik, sosyal, politik ya da dinsel gerilim anlarında öne fırlar. Yerleşik değerler sorgulandığında ya da reddedildiğinde, geçmiş geleneklerden hoşnutsuzluk acı verici bir hal aldığında, işleri yapmanın alışılmış yollan iflas ettiğinde, radikal değişim arzusu doğduğunda ya da bir felaket tehdidi olduğunda belirir. Transactional leaders motivate their followers towards the goals set by clarifying their roles in the process and what they need to do to reach the goals set. Transformational leaders help followers to look at the bigger picture and commit to the good of the organization, even if it means setting their own goals aside. These two approaches are not contradictory in nature, in fact they can complement each other. Transformational leadership often is built upon transactional leadership. Good leadership will incorporate both transactional and transformational components.

Cezbedici bir manyetizma ve aşırı bir kendine güven duygusu karizmatik lider için başlıc önkoşullardır. Bunlar ona izleyicilerini kelimenin gerçek anlamında büyüleme olanağı verir; öyle ki, önerdiği belli düşünce ve davranışlarla ilgili kimi kuşkuları bile olsa, izleyiciler ona tutkuyla bağlanır, körü körüne itaat eder ve muazzam bir coşku duyar, Karizmatik lider mevcut durumdan kurtuluş vaadini taşıyan ilahi bir mesaj ve program getirdiği düşünülebilmektedir. This exhibit shows the full range of the leadership model. The first four behaviors represent transactional approaches and begins with the Laissez-Faire approach, which is the most passive. As a leader progresses on the scale, they move towards more active behaviors. The final four behaviors on the model represent transformational actions. This model shows that as leaders utilize more transformational behaviors they become more effective.

Karizmatik lider ahlaken iyi ya da kötü olabileceği gibi, sadece bir hayalperest ya da inatçı bir pragmatist de olabilir. Gerçekte kişiliği her iki unsurun bileşiminden oluşabilir. Eğer karizmatik liderlik ahlaken değerli amaçlar için kullanılabilirse, bunda kötü olan nedir? Bir kere, izleyiciler, o vazgeçilemez diye nitelendirilen kişiye aşırı bağımlı bir hale getirilmektedir. Transformational leadership works because it encourages creativity in the work force which spurs on new ideas and new ways of doing things. It also helps followers to pursue ambitious goals with a stronger commitment to achieving them. These two benefits are achieved because the vision of the leader engenders a commitment from the followers and increases their trust in the leader.

Bass’a göre (1985: 34) karizma; örgütsel ortamdaki doğru bir liderden, sıradan yöneticiyi ayıran bir unsurdur. Öyle ki bu durumda lider, astlarından yoğun hisleri kendi üzerine çekmekte ve izleyenleri, liderleriyle özdeşleşmektedirler Karizmaya ikinci yaklaşım, psikolojik temele dayalı neo-karizmatik liderlik yaklaşımlarıdır. Transformational leadership works in a variety of contexts but tends to be more effective in smaller companies. It does work better when the leader is more closely connected to the followers and can understand their situation. The link between transformational leadership and positive job outcomes is solid.

Bu yaklaşımlar, liderin kişisel özelliklerine, izleyenleri hem etkilemesine ve hem de onlar tarafından etkileniyor olmasına dayalı olan yaklaşımlardır (Jacobsen ve House, 2001: 76). Bunlardan biri House’un yaklaşımıdır. Bu teoriye göre, karizmatik liderler, yüksek düzeyde kendine güvenen, sözel olmayan iletişimi kullanan, vizyonu açık bir şekilde ifade eden, ihtiyaç duyulan etki veya güce sahip olan bireylerdir (House, 1992:9).

Transformational leadership works in a variety of contexts but tends to be more effective in smaller companies. It does work better when the leader is more closely connected to the followers and can understand their situation. The link between transformational leadership and positive job outcomes is solid.