BİLİMSEL ÇALIŞMA BASAMAKLARI SCIENTIFIC WORKING STEPS MHD BASHAR ALREFAEI Y

Scientist; This method is called scientific study method. 1- Determination of Problems 2- Observation 3- Problem-Related Data Collection 4- Establish Hypothesis 5- Estimating 6-Controlled Experiment 7-Theory 8-Law

1- Determination of Problems; It is the first step of the scientific method. The problem should be clearly and clearly defined, clear understandings. The problem must be experimentally exploitable.

2- Observation; There are two types of observations, qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative Observation: Observations made using five senses. For example, "the water in the teapot is hot". The observation here is a qualitative observation. We decide this by touching the water or observing the vapor from the water. Quantitative Observation: Observations made using measuring instruments. For example, "the water in the teapot is 80 ° C." The observation here is a quantitative observation, in which an observation was made using a thermometer. Quantitative observations are more objective, while qualitative observations can vary among individuals, as can be seen from the examples. Thus, more emphasis is given to quantitative observations during a scientific study.

3- Problem-Related Data Collection; Observations and experiments are carried out to obtain information about the problem. At this stage, the data are collected. The first method to refer to data in aggregate; literature search. As an investigator begins his research, he has to know previous research and conceptual literature on that subject.

4- Establish Hypothesis; The suggested workaround for a problem is (hypothesis). A good hypothesis should be appropriate to the given statement, open to questions and predictions, and able to establish linkages between the statements.

5- estimation, The logical consequences of the established hypotheses are to be removed. Hypotheses are tested with these results. Estimates are expressed in the form of "... if ". Estimates are usually performed with "deduction" and "induction" methods. Generalization is done using deductive information in the deductive method. Example: If all living creatures have come to the cell, they have come from the cells. In the induction method, special observations are made and a conclusion is reached. Example: If humans, animals, plants come from cells, the building unit of all living things is the cell.

6-Controlled Experiment; Controlled experiments to determine whether the predictions made are valid are determined at the end. There are two experimental groups in controlled experiments; One is a control group, the other is an experimental group. In both groups, the same experiment is performed under the same conditions, but only the investigated factor is different between the groups. The hypothesis is valid if the estimates of the test results are valid. Otherwise, new hypotheses are established and scientific work is continued.

7-Theory Accuracy with repeated experiments is not fully, but largely accepted hypotheses. Theories are likely to be refuted.

8-the Law; If a theory or hypothesis is accepted by all sciences, the law becomes law. Example: Gravity law, Mendel's Law

Scientific Research Methods - Asst. Assoc. Dr. Ali GURBETOĞLU / Istanbul Commerce University (2008) Methods and Steps in Scientific Research - Prof.Dr. Dr. Abdullah BAYRAM / Kırıkkale University Faculty of Arts and Sciences Department of Biology Department of Zoology Department RESOURCES