Zoonozlar hakkında tanıtım

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Sunum transkripti:

Zoonozlar hakkında tanıtım Eşleştirme Projesi TR 13 IB AG 03  Resmi kontroller, hayvan refahı, zoonozlar ve hayvansal yan ürünlere ilişkin kapasitenin geliştirilmesi “Güvenilir Gıda için Resmi Kontroller” Twinning Project TR 13 IB AG 03  Capacity Building regarding official controls, animal welfare, zoonoses and animal by-product management “Official Controls for Safe Food” Overview on zoonoses “At least 61% of all human pathogens are zoonotic, and have represented 75% of all emerging pathogens during the past decade.” Word Human Organisation Zoonozlar hakkında tanıtım «tüm insan patojenlerininen az %61’i zoonotiktir, ve son on yılda ortaya çıkan tüm patojenlerin %75’ini oluşturmaktadır.» Dünya Sağlık Teşkilatı

Yerel Veteriner Hizmetlerinin önemli rolü - ulusal talimatları anlamak - izleme verilerini toplamak - şüpheli durum ve salgınların kontrolü çiftçilerle daha iyi bir iletişim için  salgınları yönetmek için numune almak ve çiftliklerde vektörlerin izlemesi yapmak daha kolaydır….. Hem insan sağlığı hem de hayvan sağlığı üzerinde etkisi olan bulaşıcı hastalıklar için AB veya ulusal düzeyde: Uyarlanmış hijyen stratejisine karar vermek için ilgili risk değerlendirmesini yapmak üzere iyi kalitede veri toplamak. The crucial role of the local Veterinary Services - understand the national instructions - collect surveillance data - control of suspicions and outbreaks for a better communication with farmers  it's easier to take samples and to implement vector surveillance on farms, to manage outbreaks… for contagious diseases which have implications for human health as well as animal health EU or national level: collecte data of good quality to carry out a relevant risk assessement, in order to decide an adapted sanitary strategy.

One health approach Tek sağlık yaklaşımı « understanding complexity, dealing with the unknown, responding to uncertainty » Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Tek sağlık yaklaşımı « karmaşıklığın anlaşılması, bilinmeyenle uğraşmak, belirsizliğe cevap vermek» BM Gıda ve Tarım Teşkilatı Doris MUELLER-DOBLIE

İhmal edilmiş/endemik zoonozlar Ortaya çıkan zoonozlar Daha iyi sağlık sistemleri Gelişme Fakirliğin giderilmesi Halkın bilinçlendirilmesi Acil durum Hazırlıklı olmak Erken tanı Hızlı cevap Zincir yaklaşımı Güçlendirilmiş tüketiciler Sertifikasyon sistemleri Antibiyotik kalıntılar ve antimikrobiyal direnç Gıda kaynaklı hastalıklar

provide guidance on how to reduce these risks. One health approach Tek sağlık yaklaşımı Close collaboration between veterinary and medical authorities (prevention, early detection / investigations) and environmental authorities (vectors, water, climate change) provides guidance on how to reduce the risks example : European Food Safety Authority (animals) and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (humans) Importance of indicators : - credibility - prioritizing disease management Veterinerlik ile tıp otoriteleri arasında yakın işbirliği (önleme, erken tanı/ soruşturma) ve Çevre otoriteleri (vektörler, su, iklim değişikliği konularında) risklerin nasıl azaltılacağı hakkında rehberlik sağlar örnek : Avrupa Gıda Güvenilirliği Otoritesi (havyanlar) ve Avrupa hastalık Önleme ve Kontrol Merkezi (insanlar) Göstergelerin önemi : - Güvenilirlik - Hastalık yönetiminde önceliklendirme İnsan XXXXXXXXXX Hayvan XXXXXXXXXX Ekosistemler XXXXXXXXXX multi-sectoral responses to food safety hazards, risks from zoonoses, and other public health threats at the human- animal-ecosystem interface provide guidance on how to reduce these risks.

Both human & animal indicators Hem insan & hem hayvan göstergeleri Epidemiological investigation Hem insan & hem hayvan göstergeleri Epidemiolojik soruşturma Measure of disease frequency: quantification of the existence or occurrence of any disease. Measure of environmental risks. Example: Vector-brone disease => quantity of vectors, humidity, temperature Distribution of disease : Which populations are getting diseased? Where, when is the disease occurring? Hypotheses of causal and preventive factors → Hypothesis of determinant risk factors, to build a surveillance or/and control strategy. Hastalık sıklığı ölçüsü: her hangi bir hastalığın varlığı veya görülmesinin sayısallaştırılması. Çevresel risklerin ölçüsü: Örnek: Vektör kaynaklı hastalık=> vektörlerin, nem ve sıcaklığın miktarı Hastalığın dağılımı : Hangi popülasyonlar hastalanıyor? Nerede, ne zaman hastalık görülüyor? Nedensel ve önleyici faktörlerin hipotezleri → İzleme ve/veya kontrol stratejisini oluşturmak için belirleyici risk faktörleri hipotezi

Incidence prevalence Gerçekleşme tekrarlanma measure of new cases Probability that unaffected animals will develop the disease To know how severe a problem may be : allows to build a planning strategy Prevalence ~ Incidence x duration Incidence generally more relevant of disease occurrence. Prevalence more employed in chronic diseases, where flow of new disease is slow Gerçekleşme Yeni vakaların ölçüsü Etkilenmemiş hayvanların hastalanma olasılığı Bir problemin ciddiyetini bilmek için  : planlama stratejisi oluşturmaya izin verir Tekrarlanma ~ Gerçekleşme x süre Gerçekleşme genel olarak hastalıkların gözlemlenmesi ile daha ilişkilidir. Tekrarlanma daha çok yeni hastalığın akışının yavaş olduğu, kronik hastalıklara aittir.

Human illness indicators İnsan hastalıkları göstergeleri Raporlama oranları güncel vakaların; tıbbi bakım gerektiren vakaların; dışkı örneği gerektiren vakaların; bildirilen vakaların sayısı Sıkıntılı hastalıklar = Toplumsal ve bireysel düzeylerde toplam etki Ölçütler: 1. Mali yük 2. Herkesin tamamen sağlıklı olduğu ideal senaryo ile popülasyonun mevcut sağlığı arasındaki boşluk : - Ölüm oranı - Yaşam kaybı yılları Kaliteye ayarlı yaşam yılları Engellilik ayarlı yaşam yılları (Erken ölüm nedenli kaybedilen yaşam yıllarının ve engellilik nedeniyle sağlıklı yaşam yıllarının toplamı) - Sağlık ayarlı yaşam beklentisi yılları Reporting rates number of: actual cases; cases seeking medical care; cases submitting a stool sample; cases notified. Burden illness = the overall impact at the societal & individual levels. Measures: 1. The monetary burden 2. The gap between the current health of a population and an ideal scenario where everyone is in full health: - Morbidity - Years of life lost - Quality-adjusted life years - Disability-adjusted life years (sum of years of life lost due to premature mortality & years of healthy life lost due to disability) - Health-adjusted life expectancy

One health approach Tek sağlık yaklaşımı Challenge: The quality of data Tek sağlık yaklaşımı Sorun: Verinin kalitesi Different methodology Different measures (laboratory methods, basic assumptions, time period, pathogens not described) Under-reporting or under- ascertainment rates Burden : Large epidemiological variability (host, environmental factors, health effects) The hypothesis of a food-borne disease is not always confirmed Farklı yöntemler Farklı ölçümler (laboratuvar yöntemleri, temel varsayımlar, zaman süresi, tanımlanmanış patojenler) Az bildirim veya az soruşturma oranları Yük : Geniş epidemiyolojik değişkenlik (konak, çevresel faktörler, sağlık etkileri) Gıda kaynaklı hastalığa dair hipotezler her zaman kabul edilmezler The hypothesis confirmed

Example : avian influenza Örnek : kuş gribi A global risk of pandemic because of global movements (human + trade + wildbirds). Alerts of new outbreaks are notified in the Global early warning system for major animal diseases, including zoonoses database. Joint of  3 global institutions: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) World Organisation for Animal Health (in french : OIE) - World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) = database World Health Organisation (WHO) Küresel hareketlerden dolayı (insan + ticaret + yabani kuşlar) küresel pandemik riski. Yeni salgın alarmları Zoonoz veri tabanını da içeren Önemli Hayvan Hastalıkları için Küresel Erken Uyarı sistemine bildirilirler. 3 küresel kurumun birleşmesi: BM Gıda ve Tarım Organizasyonu (FAO) Dünya Hayvan Sağlığı Organizasyonu (Fransızca : OIE) – Dünya Hayvan Sağlığı Bilgi Sistemi (WAHIS) = veri tabanı Dünya Sağlık Organizasyonu (WHO) H5N1 8 cases (1997) + 846 cases & over 449 deaths (since 2003) China & Egypt most affected (H1N1pandemic 2009-2010) H7N9, H6N1, H10N8 since 2013 Antiviral treatment Oseltamivir : can reduce the duration of viral replication & improve the prognosis multi-sectoral responses to food safety hazards, risks from zoonoses, and other public health threats at the human- animal-ecosystem interface provide guidance on how to reduce these risks. http://www.promedmail.org/ OIE officially recognises 6 disease-free areas of countries for disease control and trade purposes.of witch bovine spongiform encephalopathy Under the responsibility of the Veterinary Authority in compliance with OIE standards Thanks to strong technical abilities for appropriate diagnosis and follow up based on laboratory methods in compliance with the OIE Standards, Based on tailored surveillance strategies:Appropriate combination of randomised and targeted surveillance, clinical, pathological, serological and agent surveillance (Based on documented evidence of continuous compliance with OIE standards : terrestrial code ) Including an early warning system to: Identify, Report suspect cases , Follow-up & investigate immediately Supported by documented evidence on suspected cases By facilitating access to regional and international markets, OIE official disease status recognition is a leverage for international trade, a way to increase economic potentialities of the livestock secto

One health approach Tek sağlık yaklaşımı Antibioresistance Tek sağlık yaklaşımı Antibiyotik direnci Resistance to antibiotics is a major public health problem that is constantly on the rise in the world. If new solutions are not found, it is estimated that 10 million people will die from an infection caused by a bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics by 2050. The cost associated with these infections will approach €100 billion. To date, over 450,000 cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis are recorded each year and the cases of hospital- acquired infections which are resistant to antibiotics treatments are worryingly showing a rapidly increasing trend. This type of infection is extremely difficult to treat and it is essential that new therapeutic molecules are found quickly in order to prevent the potential return to a period where there were no antibiotics. Example tuberculosis : Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the mycobacterium tuberculosis strain of bacteria, more commonly known by the name of Koch's Bacillus and which is spread through the air. According to the World Health Organisation, more than 9 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths are recorded each year Nine contaminated people out of 10 do not contract the disease because the bacteria often remains dormant until the body's immune system is weakened. This may be a case among people suffering from AIDS or being treated with immunosuppressive medicines to combat the rejection of grafts/transplanted organs or against diseases such as rheumatoid polyarthritis or even Crohn's disease. The BCG, which was developed by Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin at Institut Pasteur de Lille in 1921, still remains the only vaccine against tuberculosis and the most frequently used vaccine in the world. It is very effective in children but it becomes less effective over time and no longer provides sufficient protection for adults who were vaccinated in their childhood. They are antibiotic treatments but they are lengthy and difficult to undergo. Worryingly, tuberculosis is now posing difficulties due to the strains, which are resistant to multiple antibiotics, that are beginning to emerge all over the world. This makes it all the more important to devote additional resources to researching the prevention of infections by developing more effective vaccines as well as a vaccination schedule strategy on the one hand and the development of new treatments on the other hand.

Datas concerning zoonoses Animal & human health epidemic Intelligence Zoonozlarla ilgili veriler Hayvan & insan sağlığı epidemik bilgisi

Notification by the Member States Üye Devletler tarafından Bildirim EU statistics Notification by the Member States AB istatistikleri Üye Devletler tarafından Bildirim Letal diseases have mostly been eradicated in the EU. Foodborne diseases : Annual Animal Health Report from Members States to the « EUROPEAN FOOD SAFETY AUTHORITY ». Compilation is published by the« Centre for disease prevention and control », in charge of human diseases. Zoonoses which notification is mandatory: real time notification of outbreaks by the country to : - the EU : « Animal disease notification system » database (ADNS) - World Organisation for Animal Health: « World Animal Health Information System » database (WAHIS) human diseases : notification in « Early Warning and Response System» database. AB’de ölümcül hastalıkların çoğu yok edildi. Gıda kaynaklı hastalıklar: «AVRUPA GIDA GÜVENİLİRLİĞİ OTORİTESİNE» üye devletler tarafından yapılan Yıllık Hayvan Sağlığı Raporları. Derleme» insan hastalıklarından sorumlu «Hastalık önleme ve kontrol merkezi» tarafından yayınlanır Bildirimin zorunlu olduğu zoonozlarda : ülke tarafından salgınların gerçek zamanlı bildirimi aşağıdakilere yapılır : - AB’de : « Hayvan sağlığı bildirim sistemi» veri tabanına (ADNS) - Dünya Hayvan sağlığı Teşkilatında : « Dünya Hayvan sağlığı Bilgi Sistemi » veri tabanı (WAHIS) İnsan hastalıkları : bildirim « Erken Uyarı ve Cevap Sistemi» veritabanına.

AB istatistikleri: EU statistics: Gıda kaynaklı hastalıklar raporu EU statistics: foodborne disease report According to the epidemiological situation in the country Always mandatory Her zaman zorunlu Ülkedeki epidemiyolojik duruma göre

in confirmed human cases Onaylanmış insan vakalarında EU 2015 reporting rate in confirmed human cases Onaylanmış insan vakalarında AB 2015 raporlama oranı Centre for disease prevention and control Hastalık önleme ve kontrol merkezi Onaylı sayılar Hastaneye kaldırılma Ölüm Hastaneye kaldırılanların oranı İnsan vakaları Durumun bulunduğu Sonuçların olduğu ÜD lerdeki raporlama sayısı Raporlanmış Vaka Hastalık Ciddiyet Üye devletlerdeki raporlama sayısı Raporlanmış Hastane vakaları Ölümler Mycobacterium bovis : 170 human cases

in confirmed human cases Onaylanmış insan vakalarında EU 2014 reporting rate in confirmed human cases Onaylanmış insan vakalarında AB 2014 raporlama oranı

Most human foodborne outbreaks have an unknown origin İnsanlardaki gıda kaynaklı hastalıkların çoğunda bilinmeyen bir kaynak vardır Distribution of all foodborne outbreaks per causative agent in the EU, 2015 2015’te AB’deki nedensel ajanlara göre tüm gıda kaynaklı salgınların dağılımı Güçlü kanıtlı salgınlar Zayıf kanıtlı salgınlar

Global data Toplam veri Dynamic maps Geographical information systems Example: rabies : data of human (WHO-FAO) and animal cases (OIE-WAHIS) WAHIS is linked to the european database ADNS Dinamik haritalar Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri Örnek: kuduz : insan (WHO- FAO) ve hayvan vakaları (OIE- WAHIS) verisi WAHIS Avrupa Veritabanı ADNS ile bağlantılıdır http://www.promedmail.org/ OIE officially recognises 6 disease-free areas of countries for disease control and trade purposes.of witch bovine spongiform encephalopathy Under the responsibility of the Veterinary Authority in compliance with OIE standards Thanks to strong technical abilities for appropriate diagnosis and follow up based on laboratory methods in compliance with the OIE Standards, Based on tailored surveillance strategies:Appropriate combination of randomised and targeted surveillance, clinical, pathological, serological and agent surveillance (Based on documented evidence of continuous compliance with OIE standards : terrestrial code ) Including an early warning system to: Identify, Report suspect cases , Follow-up & investigate immediately Supported by documented evidence on suspected cases By facilitating access to regional and international markets, OIE official disease status recognition is a leverage for international trade, a way to increase economic potentialities of the livestock secto Human cases in France: last local case in 1924; but >20 imported cases since 1970 → Institut Pasteur’s database for travelers → list of infected countries on the website of the French Ministry of Agriculture. Fransa’da insan vakaları: son yerel vaka 1924’te; ancak 1970’den bu yana >20 gelen vakalar → Seyahat edecekler için Institut Pasteur veri tabanı → Fransız Tarım bakanlığı web sayfasında enfeksiyon olan ülkelerin listesi

Global datas Toplam veri Health data Example : recommandations for travelers Sağlık verisi Örnek : seyahat edecekler için öneriler http://www.promedmail.org/ OIE officially recognises 6 disease-free areas of countries for disease control and trade purposes.of witch bovine spongiform encephalopathy Under the responsibility of the Veterinary Authority in compliance with OIE standards Thanks to strong technical abilities for appropriate diagnosis and follow up based on laboratory methods in compliance with the OIE Standards, Based on tailored surveillance strategies:Appropriate combination of randomised and targeted surveillance, clinical, pathological, serological and agent surveillance (Based on documented evidence of continuous compliance with OIE standards : terrestrial code ) Including an early warning system to: Identify, Report suspect cases , Follow-up & investigate immediately Supported by documented evidence on suspected cases By facilitating access to regional and international markets, OIE official disease status recognition is a leverage for international trade, a way to increase economic potentialities of the livestock secto

Which country reported the most ? What is the total number of rabies outbreaks reported in 2015 in the europe ? Which country reported the most ? 2015’te Avrupa’da raporlanan toplam kuduz salgınlarının sayısı nedir  ? Hangi ülke en fazla raporlama yaptı  ? http://www.promedmail.org/ OIE officially recognises 6 disease-free areas of countries for disease control and trade purposes.of witch bovine spongiform encephalopathy Under the responsibility of the Veterinary Authority in compliance with OIE standards Thanks to strong technical abilities for appropriate diagnosis and follow up based on laboratory methods in compliance with the OIE Standards, Based on tailored surveillance strategies:Appropriate combination of randomised and targeted surveillance, clinical, pathological, serological and agent surveillance (Based on documented evidence of continuous compliance with OIE standards : terrestrial code ) Including an early warning system to: Identify, Report suspect cases , Follow-up & investigate immediately Supported by documented evidence on suspected cases By facilitating access to regional and international markets, OIE official disease status recognition is a leverage for international trade, a way to increase economic potentialities of the livestock secto

Which country reported the most ? What is the total number of rabies outbreaks reported in 2015 in the europe ? Which country reported the most ? Avrupa’da 2015’te raporlanan kuduz salgınları toplam sayıları nelerdir? En fazla hangi ülke raporladı ? ADNS (kamu veritabanı) : Toplam: 71 Macaristan: 1 Polonya: 5 Romanya: 5 Türkiye: 60 ADNS (public database) : Total: 71 Hungary: 1 Poland: 5 Romania: 5 Turkey: 60 http://www.promedmail.org/ OIE officially recognises 6 disease-free areas of countries for disease control and trade purposes.of witch bovine spongiform encephalopathy Under the responsibility of the Veterinary Authority in compliance with OIE standards Thanks to strong technical abilities for appropriate diagnosis and follow up based on laboratory methods in compliance with the OIE Standards, Based on tailored surveillance strategies:Appropriate combination of randomised and targeted surveillance, clinical, pathological, serological and agent surveillance (Based on documented evidence of continuous compliance with OIE standards : terrestrial code ) Including an early warning system to: Identify, Report suspect cases , Follow-up & investigate immediately Supported by documented evidence on suspected cases By facilitating access to regional and international markets, OIE official disease status recognition is a leverage for international trade, a way to increase economic potentialities of the livestock secto

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