Sıvı ve Gaz Yakıtlar – Kara Altın!

... konulu sunumlar: "Sıvı ve Gaz Yakıtlar – Kara Altın!"— Sunum transkripti:

1 Sıvı ve Gaz Yakıtlar – Kara Altın!
Presenter notes: Oil and Gas are natural resources of enormous economic importance. Together they provide about 60% of all the energy used by society today. They provide fuel for transport and are vital for heating, lighting and cooking. In addition they are used in the manufacture of synthetic fabrics, plastics, fertilizers, detergent as well as for many other purposes. In short, it is hard to imagine how our society could function without oil and gas. Additional background notes for the presenter: It would be useful if the presenter brought along some rock samples as props. These could include an organic rich mudstone (black shale) to illustrate a source rock such as the Kimmeridge Clay (see slide 11), an impermeable rock to illustrate the cap such as halite (see slide 13) and a porous sandstone to illustrate a reservoir rock such as the Penrith Sandstone (see slide 13-14). NASA en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ceratium_hirundinella.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oil_platform.jpg

2 İçerik Bölüm 1: Sıvı ve gaz yakıtlar nasıl oluşur?
Yenilenemeyen Enerji Bölüm 2: Keşif ve Üretim Presenter notes: In this talk we will examine oil and gas from three angles. In the first part we will think about the biological and geological processes responsible for the formation of oil and gas. In Practical Exercise 1 we investigate the rate at which oil and gas deposits form and consider the meaning of non-renewable versus renewable energy. In the second part, we will look at the way geologists explore for new oil and gas deposits and consider the how oil and gas get from the well to the marketplace. In Practical Exercise 2, we will have a chance to explore for oil and gas fields ourselves in the ‘Prospector Game’. In the third part, we will examine the political importance of oil and gas. Specifically we will look at which countries control production, consider global supply and demand, and think about the likely future of oil and gas in our society. Bölüm 3: Sıvı ve gaz yakıtlar neden önemli?

3 (1): Yakıt Kimyası Hidrokarbon
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Petroleum.JPG en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Octane_molecule_3D_model.png Hidrokarbon Questions for discussion: What is oil and gas? Where does it come from? Presenter notes: As we begin to think about the origin of oil and gas, a basic question we need to answer is what exactly are oil and gas? Oil and gas are complicated mixtures of different hydrocarbons. A hydrocarbon is a large organic molecule. As the name suggests it is composed of hydrogen atoms attached to a backbone, or chain, of carbon atoms. Short chain hydrocarbons like methane are gases. Medium chain hydrocarbons like paraffin are liquids. Long chain hydrocarbons like bitumen are solids. When crude oil is extracted from the earth it may be a mixture of hydrocarbons in solid, liquid and gas states. Sıvı ve gaz yakıtlar farklı hidrokarbonların karışımıdır. İsminden de anlaşıldığı gibi hidrojen ve karbondan oluşurlar. Ham petrol

4 10,000 mikroorganizma 1 topluiğne başı kadar!
(2): Planktonlar cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=93510 10,000 mikroorganizma 1 topluiğne başı kadar! Bitki planktonları Hayvan planktonları Presenter notes: It may come as a surprise but most of the world’s oil and gas is made up of the fossil remains of microscopic marine plants and animals. That’s why oil and gas are often referred to as a fossil fuel. One of the most important group of plankton involved in the formation of oil and gas are single-celled marine ‘plants’ called dinoflagellates, though many types of animal plankton are also important. Some oil and gas may have also originated from the remains of land plants, but we will not discuss these types of deposits in this talk. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ceratium_hirundinella.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Copepod. Birçok yakıtın hayatı okyanuslarda yaşayan mikroskobik bitki ve hayvan olarak başlar

5 (3): Gelişme (çiçeklenme)
serc.carleton.edu/images/microbelife/topics/red_tide_genera.v3.jpg Bugün birçok plankton, derin okyanus akıntılarının yüzeye çıkmasıyla görülür. Suyun bu yukarı akışı planktonları besleyici mineralleri içerir ve planktonlar hızla gelişir (çiçeklenir) Dinoflagellates adlı planktonun çiçeklenmesi denize kırmızı renk verir. Presenter notes: In certain parts of the world’s oceans, plankton occurs in enormous quantities, or blooms. Exactly where those plankton blooms occur is controlled by ocean currents. The richest sites are where cold, nutrient rich waters rise to the surface from the deepest parts of the ocean. The nutrients found in these ‘upwelling zones’ feed plankton and allow them to reproduce quickly. A single litre of seawater may contain several million dinoflagellates. Where these plankton occurs in high numbers they may turn the water red. This phenomenon is known as red tide. © Miriam Godfrey Dinoflagellate gelişmesi

6 (4): Okyanusun dibi Planktonlar ölünce okyanusun
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/04/Plankton.jpg Planktonlar ölünce okyanusun dibinde organik bir lapa oluşturmak üzere aşağı doğru inerler en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nerr0328.jpg Okyanusun dibindeki hayvanlar bunlarla beslenir Presenter notes: When plankton dies it slowly settles to the sea bed where it forms an organic mush. Usually there are lots of animals living on the sea floor that feed on this material. One important group is the polychaete worms. These are detritivores, which means they eat the dead and decay remains of other organisms Okyanus dibi

7 (5): Siyah Killi Şist Oksijenin azaldığı ya da olmadığı
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/04/Plankton.jpg Oksijenin azaldığı ya da olmadığı durumda canlılar ölür ve organik bir yığın oluşur Sedimentin %5 den fazla organik madde içerdiği durumda siyah killi şist denilen yumuşak kaya oluşur. Presenter notes: However, under certain conditions there may be very little oxygen on the sea floor. This may be because the ocean is deep and stagnant and oxygen has not been mixed down from the surface waters. No animal life can survive where the sea bed is completely lacking oxygen. Without animals to eat the dead plankton, the organic mush builds up on the sea bed. Where ocean sediment contains more than 5% organic mush it eventually forms a rock known as a Black Shale. The black colour comes from the dark organic matter that it contains. As we will see, Black Shale is what makes oil and gas. © Earth Science World Image Bank

8 (6): Pişme Siyah katman gömüldükçe ısınır.
Organik madde sıcaklığın etkisiyle karojen denilen katı hidrokarbona dönüşür Kerogen 90°C, civarında petrole dönüşür Oil Presenter notes: As more sediment accumulates on top, layers of Black Shale become buried more and more deeply in the Earth’s crust. As they do so, they slowly heat up because of the geothermal gradient. With progressive heating the organic material in the plankton undergoes chemical and physical changes. It gradually breaks down into smaller and smaller hydrocarbons. At temperatures of around 30°C, a solid, sticky bitumen is produced. Around 90°C liquid oil is formed. As temperatures reach 150°C, natural gases like methane are given off. A Black Shale that is heated and gives off oil and gas is known in the oil industry as a Source Rock. Background notes: This is natural chemical ‘cracking’ of the hydrocarbons – where the initially large molecules are broken into progressively smaller molecules by the increase in temperature – much the same as long chain hydrocarbons can be ‘cracked’ commercially. 150°C, civarında gaz haline dönüşr Gas Bu şekilde kaya halinden yakıt üretilmesine Petrolojide Kaynak Kayaç denir.

9 (7): Göçme Sıcak petrol ve gaz kayalardan daha az yoğundur
Petrol ve gaz kayaların üst kısmına doğru yoğunluk farkından dolayı, aynı gaz kabarcıklarının sudan çıkması gibi yükselir. Presenter notes: The hot oil and gas does not stay in the Source Rock for long. As the hydrocarbons are less dense than the water in the source rocks that surround them, they gradually migrate upwards through the rock in much the same way that the less dense air bubbles of an underwater diver will rise through water. The migrating oil and gas may travel up through the spaces between the sand grains that make up the rock (called pores) or they may find their way up through cracks, fissures, and faults in the overlying rocks. As we will see when we look at oil exploration, eventually oil and gas get trapped in pockets of rock known as reservoirs. Petrolün yükselişi Yükselen petrol ve gaz sonunda bir yerde toplanır.

10 (8): Antik Dünya Mesozoic zamanın ortalarında
© Ron Blakey, Arizona Flagstaff Mesozoic zamanın ortalarında yaklaşık150 milyon yıl önce, şartlar çok büyük kara kaya katmanlarının oluşmasına müsaitti. Dünyanın esas yakıt deposu ılık ve sığ denizlerde birikti. Planktonlar ölüyordu ve onları yiyecek hayvanlarda dipte oksijensizlikten kalmamıştı. İşte böyle bir zamanda çok büyük miktarlarda organik balçık oluştu, yüzyıllardır kullanılan yakıtların hepsi işte bu zamandan kalan yakıtdır. Presenter notes: Most of the Source Rocks that gave rise to our present day oil and gas fields were formed in the middle of the Mesozoic Era about 150 million years ago. At that time conditions were just right to build up huge thicknesses of Black Shale. On the one hand, the oceans were unusually warm, promoting vast plankton blooms. On the other hand, oxygen was mostly absent on the ocean floors so most of the plankton that settled on the bottom accumulated. There were no animals around to eat it up. The map on the left hand side shows what the Earth looked like 150 million years ago. The red circles show where the world’s main oil deposits were formed in warm, shallow, deoxygenated seas. Antik Dünya

11 Keşif ve Üretim (1): Petrol yatağı
Bazı kayalar geçirgendir ve petrolün serbest hareketine izin verir. Diğerleri geçirgen değildir ve yukarı harekete izin vermezler Petrol ve gaz yukarı harekete başlar ve bir kubbede birikir ve ilerleyemezse petrol yataklarından birisi olan kubbe şeklinde petrol yatağı oluşur. Geçirgen olmayan Presenter notes: In the first practical we thought about the immense amount of time it takes to form oil and gas. Consequently, it is an extremely valuable resource and huge amounts of money are poured into trying to locate new oil and gas fields. In this section, we will investigate how reservoirs of oil and gas are discovered and how it eventually reaches the marketplace. As we have already seen, once produced, oil and gas migrates out of its Source Rock and accumulates in overlying rocks. Some rocks like sandstone or limestone are permeable to oil and gas, which means that they can pass freely through them. Other rocks like clay or salt are impermeable, which means they block the upward passage of hydrocarbons. One of the most common ways that oil and gas becomes trapped in pockets in the rock is where it is rises into a structural dome capped by impermeable rocks. The cap rocks prevent the oil and gas escaping upwards. The buoyancy of the less dense hydrocarbons in the pore waters prevent them from sinking back down. This is an example of an Oil Trap. Optional exercise: An excellent additional exercise to get students thinking further about how Oil Traps form go to click on Earth-related Activities, and look under the Resource and Environment section. Kubbe yatağı Geçirgen

12 (2): Depo Kayalar Petrol yataklarının geçirgen kısmında
Depo kayalar bulunur Depo kayalar içerisinde irili ufaklı birçok gözenek bulunur ve bunlar sayesinde petrolü sünger gibi çeker Petrol göçtükçe bu hali alır Presenter notes: The permeable rocks than contain oil and gas within the oil trap are known as the Reservoir Rock. Reservoir rocks have lots of interconnected holes called pores. These allow them to absorb the oil and gas like a sponge. The picture on the left shows a good reservoir rock with lots of pore spaces filled with water shown in blue. As we advance the slide, we see the pores gradually fill with oil. This rock can soak up a large amount of oil. Depo kayanın sulu hali Earth Science World Image Bank Image #h5innl

13 (3): Sismik Çalışmalar Burayı kaz!
Presenter notes: We’ve just established what kind of structures tend to trap oil and gas in the Earth’s crust, but how do we locate potential traps underground? One technique is to use seismic surveys. In this technique, a Vibrator Truck fires shock waves into the ground. The shock waves pass through some rock layers and bounce off others. By recording how long it takes for the shock waves to arrive back at the surface allows geologist to build a picture of the internal structure of the rocks beneath their feet. An example of a seismic survey is shown in the diagram on the right. It reveals a large underground dome in the rocks. As we have seen domes often trap oil and gas so this may be a potential site to drill. Background notes: The term seismic is derived from the Greek for “shake” (think earthquakes!) Earth Science World Image Bank Image #h5inor Earth Science World Image Bank Image #h5inpj Petrol ve gazın olabileceği yerlerin araştırılmasında kullanılır. Şok dalgaları yer altına yollanır ve katmanlara çarpan dalgaların Sinyalleri toplanır, böylece yer altının bir nevi haritası çıkarılır

14 (4): Doğru sondaj Yer belirlenince kalite ve potansiyel ölçümü için bir delgi yapılır. Her metre delginin $10,000 lık bir masrafı vardır.. Presenter notes: A potential oil trap is called a Prospect. Once a prospect has been identified, the next stage is to drill a hole into the top of the trap to see if it contains oil and gas. It is incredibly expensive to a drill hole. On an offshore rig is may cost $10,000 for every metre drilled. So if you are going to drill a hole 5000 metres underground it’s going to cost you 20 million pounds/ 25 million dollars! Consequently geologists have to be pretty confident that they going to hit oil. If they drill too many ‘dry holes’ they will soon lose their jobs! en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oil_platform.jpg

15 (5): Geliştirilmiş Kazanım
Petrol ve gaz her ne kadar düşük yoğunluklu olsada %40 civarı kendisi çıkar. Kazanımı artırmak için başka bir kuyudan sıcak buhar basılır ve suyun itişi kullanılır. Presenter: If the geologist is lucky, he or she will strike oil and gas. A hole which contains oil and gas is called a well. The oil and gas is under considerable pressure in the Earth’s crust so once a well is drilled into the reservoir rock, the oil and gas rapidly rises to the surface. However, as more and more oil and gas comes out of the well, eventually the pressure drops and flow slows down. To get the remainder of the oil and gas out of the reservoir rock, a second hole is drilled adjacent to the first. Hot water or steam are pumped down the hole and this forces the oil and gas still trapped in the rock up the original well. This technique is known as enhanced recovery. © California Department of Conservation

16 (6): Taşıma Trans-Alaskan Boruhattı Petrol ve gaz çıkarılınca
Rafineriye taşınmalıdır Çoğunlukla boru hatları kullanılır Büyük yakıt tankerleride taşımada etkilidir Presenter notes: Once the oil and gas has been extracted from the ground, it must be safely transported from the well to the refinery where it will be processed. Oil is usually transported from the well to the refinery using pipelines. These may stretch over land or be laid over the sea bed. A spectacular example of an oil pipeline is the Trans-Alaskan pipeline which carries oil and gas for 1300 kilometres across Arctic permafrost. Another way that oil and gas are transported is by means of massive oil tankers. These gigantic vessels can carry up to half a million tonnes of oil. United States Geological Survey

17 (7): Rafinasyon Destilasyon Petrol refinerisi Araç yakıtı Jet yakıtı
Presenter notes: At the refinery, the crude oil, which also contains a lot of gas, is processed. This involves separating out all the different hydrocarbons in the crude oil. To do this, the crude oil is heated in a furnace and then passed through a cooling tower. The method relies on the fact that different hydrocarbons have different boiling points. Consequently the heavy hydrocarbons like bitumen with high boiling points accumulate at the bottom of the cooling tower. Light hydrocarbons like paraffin with low boiling points accumulate near the top of the top. This process is known as fractional distillation. The different hydrocarbons have different uses. For example, bitumen is used to surface roads while paraffin is mostly used as aviation fuel. Asfalt en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Anacortes_Refinery_31911.JPG en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Crude_Oil_Distillation.png Kullanılmadan önce ham petrol rafine edilmeli. Hidrokarbonlar destilasyonla ayrılabilir, birçok fraksiyon oluşur

18 (8):Yakın Tarihçe Petrol kullanımının modern çağı 1846 da Gesnerin
parafin destilasyonunu geliştirmesiyle başlar. Bu dünya çapında petrol Üretiminin patlamasını tetiklemiştir. Abraham Gesner ( ) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Abraham_Gesner.gif Presenter notes: People have been using oil and gas for four thousand years. However, the modern era of oil and gas exploration and production didn’t begin until That year, Abraham Gesner, a geologist based in New Brunswick, Canada figured out how to distill paraffin from crude oil. This made crude oil far more useful and triggered a global boom is exploration and production. California became an early centre of oil prospecting and was famous for its gushers. These were pressurized oil reservoirs, which when drilled, spurted massive fountains of oil into the air! en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oilfields_California.jpg Kaliforniyada fışkıran petrol kuyuları en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lucas_gusher.jpg

19 (9): Bugünkü Durum Presenter notes: Following a hundred and fifty years of oil and gas exploration, most geologists think that we have now found most of the oil that lies in the Earth’s crust. The map shows the major oil and gas provinces of the world. Dark green provinces are the biggest field and the light green provinces are smaller. Only two regions of the planet have not yet been fully explored for oil and gas. These are the Arctic and Antarctica. These cold inhospitable environments make oil exploration and production too costly. However, as the climate of these regions changes with global warming and as technology advances, it may be only matter of time before these fields become ripe for exploitation. At present exploration in Antarctica is prohibited by the political Antarctic Treaty. Note: an oil province is the assemblage of numerous fields within a region; an oil field is a single accumulation. Question: Can you think of any reasons, why we should not exploit oil provinces in the Arctic and Antarctica (even if the technology were to make it possible and cost-effective)? USGS Kutuplar dışında dünyanın her yerindeki rezervler hakkında yeterli Bilgi edinilmiştir.

20 Practical Exercise 2 The Oil Prospector Game
Presenter notes: Now you know about the geological factors that control the distribution of oil and gas in the Earth, you should be able to locate oil and gas fields yourself! In Practical Exercise 2, you will try your hand as an exploration geologist as you play the ‘Prospector Game’. Will you make your fortune or will you get the sack?

21 Yakıt Kaynakları Ham petrolün 84% ü genel olarak araç ve uçaklar için
yakıta dönüştürülür. Presenter notes: So far we have thought about how oil and gas forms, how geologists find it, and how it is brought to the marketplace. However, this talk would not be complete without a look at the politics of oil and why it is so significant. That will be the topic of the final part of this presentation. As we mentioned at the start, its hard to imagine how modern society could function without oil and gas. The biggest single use of oil and gas is a fuel source. Fuel accounts for about 84% of all oil and gas consumed. Without oil and gas there would be no cars or planes and we would be more limited in the way we heat and light our homes, or cook meals. We can’t simply turn to electricity instead because much of our electricity is produced by power stations that burn oil and gas! Question for discussion: Apart from a fuel source, what other uses does oil and gas have? Özellikle Çin ekonomisinin Büyümesiyle talep artmaktadır. blogs.sun.com/richb/resource/NBC_at_the_Pump.jpg

22 (2): Diğer Kullanımları
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CD-R.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Konservering.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lilit.jpg Gıda katkıları CD ve DVD ler Presenter notes: Less well known is the fact that many household items are also made from oil and/or gas. Did you know that CDs and DVDs, plastic containers, fertilizers, pesticides, food additives, synthetic clothing, dyes, and detergents, all to a large degree, contain byproducts of oil and gas? In fact 16% of all oil and gas is used to make these and many other products. As a society we totally rely on oil and gas in our day-to-day lives. Gübre ve pestisitler Plastik Kalan 16% sentetik fiberler, deterjanlar gibi günlük ihtiyaçların Yapımında kullanılır.

23 (3): Esas Üreticiler- OPEC
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Opec_Organization_of_the_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries_countries.PNG Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 13 Ülkeden oluşur ve toplam petrolün 36% sını üretir, 32 milyon Varil günlük. En büyük üretici Suudi Arabistan, fakat İran, Birleşik Arap Emirliği, Kuveyt ve Venezuella da büyük üreticilerdir. Presenter notes: So, if oil and gas is of such importance to society, it’s important to understand who controls its production. Today, oil production is governed by three major groups who together produce 75% of the global supply. The single largest oil producer is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, also known as OPEC. Together these 13 countries produce 36% of the world’s oil, or to put it another way, some 32 million barrels of oil per day (based 2008 figures). The largest producers in OPEC are four Arab states, namely Saudi Arabia, Iran, the United Arab Emirates, and Kuwait, although Venezuela is also a major producer.

24 (4): Diğer Üreticiler en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:OECD-memberstates.png Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) tüm petrolün 24% ünü üretir, 21 milyon varil günlük. En büyük üretici ABD dir, fakat Meksika, Kanada ve UK da büyük üreticilerdir OECD eski Soviyetler birliği de 15% lik paya sahiptir. Presenter notes: The other two major producers are the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, also known as OECD, and the states of the former Soviet Union. OECD produces 24% of the world’s oil supply, or 21 million barrels per day. Within OCED, the biggest single producer is the USA, but other major players include Mexico, Canada, and the UK. The states of the former Soviet Union supply a further 15% of the global production.

25 (5): Arz Talep en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:OilConsumptionpercapita.png ABD toplam petrolün 24% ünü kullanıyor fakat Çinin kullanımı her yıl artıyor. Kişi başı petrol kullanım miktarı Koyu renkler fazla kullanım. Presenter notes: In 2007, the global consumption of oil was about 80 million barrels per days. Every year, this rate of consumption is rising by about 1.2 million barrels per day. The single largest consumers of oil is the USA, which sucks up 24% of the total oil produced. However, the oil consumption of the USA is slightly declining at the moment. The annual growth in global oil consumption is mostly being driven by China, who shows big year-on-year increases in usage. Geologists believe that the nations of OPEC and OECD cannot indefinitely increase the rate of oil production. At most, production rate can only be increased by another 2.5 million barrels per day. Consequently there may be a big squeeze in the availability of oil in the coming decade. 2007 de, global arz günde 1.2 milyon varile çıktı. OPEC and OECD ülkeleri bunu en fazla 2.5 milyona Çıkarabileceklerini söylüyorlar, yani bir kriz kapıda!!!

26 (6): Petrol Piki Era of energy crisis Hubbert (1903-1989)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hubbert.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg Era of energy crisis Presenter notes: This global squeeze in oil supply was predicted more than fifty years ago by a geologist called M. K. Hubbert. In 1956, Hubbert predicted that the world would reach peak rates of oil supply about the Year Thereafter oil would become increasingly scarce. This would trigger an energy crisis, result in widespread power blackouts, and see the cost of fuel rise astronomically. Hubbert’s idea of ‘Peak Oil’ is controversial but supported by some scientists and politicians. Hubbert ( ) 1956 da, Hubbert petrol üretiminin 2000 li yıllarda pik yapacağını Sonrasında üretimin azalmasıyla, enerjinin pahalanacağını, krizler Çıkacağını öngörmüştü

27 (7): Artan Petrol Fiyatları
$139 Haziran 2008 Yıllardır düzenli artıyor. Presenter notes: One piece of evidence that suggests that Hubbert may have been right is rising cost of oil. For the past few years, oil prices have rapidly increased. In 1999, oil was priced at less than $10 per barrel but since then the price has sky-rocketed to $139 per barrel by June 2008 and will probably go even higher. Is this due to a squeeze in availability, as Hubbert suggested, or are other political or economic factors to blame? en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oil_Prices_Medium_Term.png

28 Şu Anki Fiyat

29 (8): Küresel Isınma en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Coal_anthracite.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bluebbl.gif en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Windpark_Galicia.jpg OIL Presenter notes: Although there probably won’t be an “Oil Crisis” in the short-term, there are other good reasons for investing in alternative sources of power now. The main reason is that oil and gas are a major source of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane. Together they contribute to global warming which is one of the biggest headaches for modern society to deal with. Oil and gas produce far fewer greenhouse gases than coal per watt of energy produced. However, renewable energy sources like solar, wind and nuclear power are far less polluting. That said, renewable energy has not yet been sufficiently developed to replace fossil fuels as the world’s energy source. In particular it is difficult to develop renewable energy as a source of fuel for transportation. As a result, we will have to live with the environmental consequences of oil and gas for centuries to come – unless we change our habits quickly. Question for discussion after the practical: Apart from fossil fuels what other sources of energy are available? Why are these sources not used more widely? Petrol ve gaz 1 watt enerji için kömürden 15-30% daha az CO2 Salınımı yapar. Yenilenebilir enerji temizdir ama henüz yakıt Olarak kabul edilmemektedir.

30 Petrol ve Gaz Presenter notes: In this talk we have discussed how oil and gas are formed, how geologists find and produce it, and why it is of such political importance in modern society. I hope you have learned just how much we rely on this precious non-renewable resource and how pressing is the need to swiftly find alternative sources of energy. Oil and gas has been fundamental for the growth of society for the past fifty years, but in a further fifty years we will need to have weaned ourselves off our thirst for oil and gas. NASA en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ceratium_hirundinella.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oil_platform.jpg