The History and Scope of Psychology Module 1

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1 The History and Scope of Psychology Module 1
Psychology 7e in Modules

2 The History and Scope of Psychology
What is Psychology? Psychology’s Roots Contemporary Psychology

3 Psychology’s Roots Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
“The soul is not separable from the body, and the same holds good of particular parts of the soul.” Aristotle, De Anima, 350 B.C. Aristotle, a naturalist and philosopher, theorized about psychology’s concepts. He suggested that the soul and body are not separate and that knowledge grows from experience. Psychology 7e in Modules

4 Philosophy & Humanities
Psychology’s Roots Psychology themes of psychology methods of psychology Philosophy & Humanities Natural Science Knowledge is a product of understanding observable phenomena. Science flourishes through observation and experiment Knowledge = understanding Knowledge is a product of introspective thought. Knowledge = insight

5 Psychological Science is Born
“Contents of the conscious mind”and “introspection” Wundt studied the “atoms of the mind” by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879 (e.g., sensations, images). This work is considered the birth of psychology as we know it today. Wundt ( ) Preview Question 1: How did the science of psychology develop? Psychology 7e in Modules

6 Psychological Science is Born
Mary Calkins James ( ) American philosopher William James wrote an important 1890 psychology textbook. Mary Calkins, James’s student, became the APA’s first female president. “Functionalism: what the mind does and why” James admitted the first woman student Mary Calkins to Harvard and tutored her. Despite his efforts she was not able to attain her PhD from Harvard. Psychology 7e in Modules

7 Psychological Science is Born
Freud ( ) Sigmund Freud, an Austrian physician, and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior. Psychology 7e in Modules

8 Psychological Science is Born
Psychology originated in many disciplines and countries. It was, until the 1920s, defined as the science of mental life.

9 Psychological Science Develops
Behaviorists Skinner ( ) Watson ( ) Ivan Pavlov a Russian Physiologist, James Watson and Skinner were all instrumental in developing the science of psychology and emphasized behavior instead of mind or mental thoughts. From 1920 to 1960, psychology in the US was heavily oriented towards behaviorism. Watson and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology. Psychology 7e in Modules

10 Psychological Science Develops
Humanistic Psychology Maslow ( ) Rogers ( ) Maslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance. Psychology 7e in Modules

11 Psychology Today We define psychology today as the scientific study of behavior (what we do) and mental processes (inner thoughts and feelings).

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13 Biyo-psiko-sosyal model
Biyolojik etkiler Hormonlar Nörötransmitterlar Genler Mizaç (enerji düzeyi vs..)... Psikolojik etkiler Öğrenilen korkular, başarılar, beklentiler, tutumlar, inançlar, bilgiler... kısaca geçmiş tecrübeler İnsan duygu, düşünce ve davranışları Sosyo-kültürel, örgütsel etkiler Başka insanların varlığı, Ebeveyn stili, arkadaş grubu Normlar, kurallar Örgütsel/toplumsal kültür, normlar, din...

14 Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Focus Sample Questions Neuroscience How the body and brain enables emotions? How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives? Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes? How does evolution influence behavior tendencies? Behavior genetics How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences? To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment? Although debates arise among the psychologists working from differing perspectives, each point of view addresses important questions. Psychology 7e in Modules

15 Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Focus Sample Questions Psychodynamic How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts? How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? Behavioral How we learn observable responses? How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking?

16 Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Focus Sample Questions Cognitive How we encode, process, store and retrieve information? How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving? Social-cultural How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures? How are we — as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans – alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?

17 Psychology’s Subfields
Basic Research pure science that aims to increase the knowledge base Applied Research scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

18 Psychology’s Subfields: Research
Psychologist What she does Biological Explore the links between brain and mind. Developmental Study changing abilities from womb to tomb. Cognitive Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems. Personality Investigate our persistent traits. Social Explore how we view and affect one another. Preview Question 4: What are psychology’s specialized subfields? Psychology 7e in Modules

19 Psychology’s Subfields: Research
Data: APA 1997

20 Psychology’s Subfields: Applied
Psychologist What s/he does Clinical Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders Counseling Helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges. Educational Studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings Industrial/ Organizational Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace. Psychology 7e in Modules

21 Psychology’s Subfields: Applied
Data: APA 1997

22 Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry
A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy. Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients.

23 Psychological Associations & Societies
The American Psychological Association is the largest organization of psychology with 160,000 members world-wide, followed by the British Psychological Society with 34,000 members.

24 Öğretim Üyelerimiz Çiğdem Kağıtçıbaşı Bilge Yağmurlu Aylin Küntay
Sami Gülgöz İlke Öztekin Zeynep Cemalcılar Banu Çankaya Fuat Balcı (Ocak 2011) Nazlı Baydar Tarcan Kumkale Zeynep Aycan

25 Nelerle ilgileniyoruz?
Çiğdem Kağıtçıbaşı Kültürün ailelerin ilişki tarzı üzerinde nasıl bir etkisi var? Aile ilişkilerinin çocuğun gelişimi üzerinde etkisi nedir? Çocukların gelişimini daha sağlıklı bir biçime getirmek için gerekli olan sosyal politikalar nelerdir? Aileler çocuğa ne derece ve ne nedenlerle değer veriyor? Preview Question 18: How can psychological principles help you as a student? Psychology 7e in Modules

26 Nelerle ilgileniyoruz?
Yaşadığımız olayların hangilerini niçin hatırlıyoruz? Olayların duygusal etkisi hatırlama olasılığını değiştiriyor mu? Bir olayı hangi dilde yaşadığımız onun hangi dilde daha kolay hatırlanacağını belirler mi? Neden yaş arasında yaşanan olaylar hep daha fazla hatırlanıyor? Hatırladığımız olayların kişiliğimizle ilişkisi ne? Sami Gülgöz

27 Nelerle ilgileniyoruz?
Çalışanlar iş ve aile hayatlarını nasıl dengeliyorlar? Yoğun tempoları içinde kendilerine zaman ayırabiliyorlar mı? İnsan kaynakları uygulamaları (işe alma, performans değerlendirme, ödüllendirme gibi) ülkeler arasında farklılık gösterir mi? Örneğin ABD’deki sistemler Türkiye’de kullanılabilir mi? Kültürel zeka nedir? Yabancı ülkelerde çalışan yöneticiler için kültürel zeka ve kültüre uyum göstermek ne derece önemlidir? Liderlik kültüre göre değişir mi? Babacan liderler etkili midir? Zeynep Aycan

28 Nelerle ilgileniyoruz?
Çocuklarda dil gelişimi tüm dillerde aynı mı? Ailelerin sosyo-ekonomik durumlarının dil gelişiminde etkisi nedir? Ailelerin çocuklara yönelik kullandığı dil ile çocuğun dil gelişimi arasında nasıl bir ilişki var? Zihinsel gelişim ve sosyal gelişim ile dil becerilerini arasında nasıl bir ilişki var? Hikaye anlatma becerisi nasıl gelişiyor? Aylin Küntay

29 Nelerle ilgileniyoruz?
Bilge Yağmurlu Olumlu sosyal davranışlarımızı ve saldırgan davranışlarımızı neler belirliyor? Biyolojik yatkınlıklarımız ne kadar etkili? Çevrenin rolü ne kadar? Duygu düzenleme becerisi nedir? Neye yarar? Nasıl gelişir? Anne-babalar ne yaparak çocuklarının sosyal ve duygusal becerilerini geliştirmeye yardımcı olabilir? Şiddeti azaltmak için neler yapabiliriz?

30 Nelerle ilgileniyoruz?
Tarcan Kumkale İnsanlar neden ve nasıl tutumlar oluştururlar? Bu tutumlar duygu, düşünce ve davranışlarını nasıl etkiler? Bazı tutumları değiştirmek neden zordur? Kitle iletişim araçlarının kamuoyu ve tüketici davranışları üzerine etkileri nelerdir? İnsanları ikna edecek kitle iletişim mesajları nasıl olmalıdır?

31 Nelerle ilgileniyoruz?
Eğitici TV programlarının çocukların gelişimine etkisi var mı? “Benimle Oynar mısın?” programının çocukların okula hazır olma düzeyi üzerindeki etkisi. Programı düzenli izleyen çocukların aritmetik, kelime bilgisi, geometrik şekiller ve heceleme ile ilgili becerileri daha gelişmiş. Nazlı Baydar

32 Nelerle ilgileniyoruz?
Öğrencilerin okula aidiyetini belirleyen faktörler nelerdir? Bunları değiştirerek ne fark yaratabiliriz? Çevrenin bireyin gelişimine ve davranışlarına etkileri nelerdir? Aidiyet ne demektir? Nasıl gelişir, nasıl değişir? Gelişen teknolojinin sosyal hayatımıza etkileri nelerdir? Teknoloji, mesela bilgisayar oyunları, psikolojimizi kötü etkilemek zorunda mıdır? Zeynep Cemalcılar

33 Tips for Studying Psychology
Psychology can teach you how to ask and answer important questions. Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse and Review (SQ3R) Survey: What you are about to read, including chapter outlines and section heads. Question: Ask questions. Make notes. Read: Look for the answer to your questions by reading a manageable amount at a time. Rehearse: Recall what you’ve read in your own words. Test yourself with quizzes. Review: What you learn. Read over notes and quickly review the whole chapter.

34 Tips for Studying Psychology
Additional Study Hints Distribute your time Learn to think critically Listen actively in class Overlearn Be a smart test-taker

35 What are the sub-fields of psychology?
Crossword exercise What are the sub-fields of psychology?

36 1 3 L 5 2 O E I 4 T 6

37 Attempt to detect and deal with many problems associated with poor school performance
Conduct laboratory studies of learning, motivation, sensation and perception Work to understand and treat mental disorders Study traits that make individuals unique and which persist over time Deal with the mental and emotional aspects of physical performance such as motivation and rehabilitation after injury. Explore the ways in which people interact and influence each other Attempt to discover how the nervous system makes human thinking and behavior possible Provide expert testimony as to the sanity and competence of individuals for the legal system Examine the ways in which our behavior changes over the life span Investigate human memory, language, and problem solving Seek to understand the psychological factors that promote or impair physical health Determine the best methods selecting, training, managing and motivating individuals in the work place

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39 SUB-DIVISIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY